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cerebral cortex is the
highest level of CNS
cerebral cortex always functions in
association with lower centers
gray matter in cerebral cortex is responsible for (3)
conscious thought
memory
language
cerebral cortex description (2)
very thin
outer few millimeters of cerebrum
cerebral cortex has how many neurons and where are they located
10-14 billion neurons
located in gray matter
how are nerve cells organized in cerebral cortex
type of cell & layer
how many layers in cerebral cortex
6
explain how layers are numbered in cerebral cortex
the higher the number the closer to the center
types of nerve cells in cerebral cortex (5)
pyramidal cells
fusiform cells
stellate cells
martinotti cells
horizontal cells
what are pyramidal cells named after
their shape
in pyramidal cells dendrites project to
cortical surface (up)
explain axons for pyramidal cells
axons form tracts, leave cortex and enter white matter (go down)
fusiform cells dendrites project to
cortical surface
explain axons in fusiform cells
axons form tracts, leave cortex, and enter white matter (go down)
stellate cells description
small (granular) cells with short axon and multiple dendrites
stellate cell communication type
local communication
horizontal cells location
most superficial layers of the cortex
horizontal cells connect
dendrites of pyramidal cells
explain axons for cells of martinotti
axons project to most superficial layer of the cortex (go up)
in the cerebral cortex, each layer has
its distinct pattern of organization and connections
in the cerebral cortex, each layer is grouped by
motor or sensory and function
the motor cortex has many of what layer cells
layer 5 and 6 cells
the motor cortex has what types of cells (3)
pyramidal
fusiform
martinotti
motor cortex sends axons to
other brain areas
sensory cortex has many of what layer cells
layer 4 cells
sensory cortex has many of what kind of cells
stellate cells
sensory organs send info to where (3)
primary sensory cortex: somatosensation
visual cortex: vision
auditory cortex: hearing
association cortex has many of what layer cells
layer 1, 2, and 3 cells
what layer does the association cortex receive input from
layer 4
what types of cells are in the association cortex (4)
horizontal
pyramidal
fusiform
stellate
myelinated fibers function is to
quickly synthesize transport and respond to signals
interconnecting fibers keeps brain
informed about all things going on in the brain
3 things interconnecting fibers inform the brain about
perception and discrimination of sensory stimuli
expression of emotions
regulate behaviors and bodily processes
commissural fibers location
between hemispheres
commissural fibers description
white matter that runs horizontally and connects right and left hemisphere
corpus callosum is the
largest horizontal interhemispheric commissural fiber bundle
parts of corpus callosum (4)
rostrum
genu
body
splenium
what part(s) of the brain does the rostrum connect
two frontal lobes
what part(s) of the brain does the genu connect
frontal lobes
what part(s) of the brain does the body connect
frontal and parietal lobes
what part(s) of the brain does the splenium connect
temporal and occipital lobe
most interior part of the corpus callosum
rostrum
what doesn’t the corpus callosum connect
primary centers for motor, sensory, auditory, and visual functions
association fibers description
white myelinated fibers
association fibers location
confined within one hemisphere
association fibers funciton
process refined and integrated info
corpus callosum is a(n)
commissural fiber
arcuate fasciculus is a(n)
association fiber
arcuate fasciculus connects (lobes of the brain)
frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobe
arcuate fasciculus connects what areas of speech
broca’s area and wernicke’s area
arcuate fasciculus is important for
normal acquisition of language
what happens when the arcuate fasciculus is damaged
conduction aphasia
conduction aphasia
auditory comprehension and speech articulation is preserved but it’s hard to repeat heard speech
three subcortical trats associated with language processing
dorsal pathway
ventral pathway
uncinate fasciculus
two structures in the dorsal pathway
superior longitudinal fasciculus
arcuate fasciculus
two structures in ventral pathway
inferior longitudinal fasciculus
connects middle temporal lobe
projection fibers travel
between cortical and subcortical structures
projection fibers function
carry sensory/motor info and travel vertically
corona radiata is a(n)
projection fiber
corona radiata description
white matter sheet contains both descending and ascending axons that carry sensory/motor info from/to cerebral cortex
internal capsule is a(n)
projection fiber
internal capsule location
between basal ganglia and thalamus
internal capsule description
white matter structure contains ascending and descending fibers
three major projection fibers
corticobulbar tract
corticospinal tract
sensory projection fibers
corticobulbar tract is a
white matter pathway
where does corticobulbar tract originate and end
originates from motor cortex
terminates in brainstem
corticobulbar tract aka
pyramidal tract
corticobulbar tract stimulates
muscles of face, tongue, larynx, and pharynx
almost all cranial nerves receive _______ innervation from corticobulbar tract
bilateral
what cranial nerve does not receive bilateral innervation and what kind of innervation does it have
cranial nerve seven
contralateral innervation
what cranial nerve receives more contralateral innervation than bilateral innervation
cranial nerve 12
unilateral corticobulbar tract lesion causes
weakness
explain why unilateral corticobulbar tract lesions result in weakness and not paralysis
almost all cranial nerves would continue to function almost normally as nuclei of each cranial nerve pair still receive messages from at least one motor cortex
bilateral corticobulbar tract lesion leads to (2)
paralysis and serious speech problems
corticospinal tract is a
white matter pathway
corticospinal tract originates and terminates where
originates in primary motor cortex
terminates in spinal cord
corticospinal tract controls
voluntary movements of torso, upper, and lower limbs
corticospinal tract forms
the pyramid at the medulla before crossing the midline and entering the spinal cord
upper motor neurons are
motor neuron cell bodies (pyramidal cells) and their descending axonal processes
upper motor neurons originate in
primary motor cortex
when do upper motor neuron symptoms occur
following brain/spinal cord damage
upper motor neuron symptoms (3)
weakness
decreased control
increase spinal reflexes and Babinski signs
upper motor neurons carry
motor info down to a lower motor neuron
upper motor neurons synapse with
lower motor neurons in the brain stem (motor neurons of cranial nerves) and in spinal cord (motor neurons of spinal nerves)
axons of lower motor neurons innervate
skeletal muscle fibers
sensory projection fibers is a
white matter pathway
pathway for sensory projection fibers
starts in skin/joint
through brainstem (cross), thalamus, internal capsule, and corona radiata
terminates in CNS (primary somatosensory cortex)
sensory projection fibers transmit sensory info to CNS parts (3)
thalamus
cerebral cortex
cerebellum
brainstem parts (3)
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
brainstem function
monitor brain output
midbrain connects
diencephalon (thalamus) and pons
midbrain houses
cerebral aqueduct
the 2 superior colliculi house the
visual reflex
the 2 inferior colliculi are the
auditory cortex
midbrain contains what 2 cranial nerves
3 and 4
pons connects (2)
medulla to midbrain
cerebellar hemisphere
the pons have what cranial nerves (4)
V
VI
VII
VIII
pons houses the
4th ventricle
medulla oblongata connects
pons and spinal cord
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