AICE EURO Industrial Rev. Unit Exam

Vocabulary 02, Audio Lecture 02A,

Class-Consciousness

The idea that people of a certain socio-economic background had common goals and a common identity that often-transcended national identity.

Combination Acts

Passed in 1799, these acts outlawed unions and strikes. An example of protectionist industrial legislation in England.

Crystal Palace

The location of the Great Exposition in 1851 in London, which is seen as the apex of English industrialization. The Crystal Palace was also an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron.

Economic Nationalism

The idea that national governments should protect and foster their own businesses by imposing high protective tariffs on imported goods and stimulating industries.

Factory Act of 1833

This act limited the workday for children between nine and thirteen to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen to twelve hours.

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

Organized by Owen in 1834, the GNCTU was a national union
that sought solidarity among workers in various trade unions.

Industrial Revolution

A term used to describe the burst of technological invention and economic/social change in the 19th century.

Why was Great Britain so ahead of other countries?

The rest of Europe is reeling from the
destruction and the devastation caused by the French Revolution, and it's completely obsessed
with rebuilding the political jigsaw puzzle that Napoleon kind of turned upside down.

When was Great Britain's industrial revolution?

19th century, 1760-1830 (brittanica)

What factors allowed Great Britain to industrialize/have an advantage over others?

political stability, they had factors of production, capital

Iron Law of Wages

Principle postulated by David Ricardo: because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to subsistence level.

Luddites

Laborers who attacked the factories in northern England in 1812 where they worked, smashing machines that they believed were putting them out of work.

Mines Act of 1842

This act prohibited underground work for all women and children under the age of ten.

Was Great Britian a liberal or conservative gov?

conservative

Did Great Britain have representative gov?

Yes

Spinning Jenny

A machine invented by James Hargreaves in 1765 that used six to twenty-four spindles mounted on a sliding carriage to spin a fine thread.

Steam Engine

A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam which was then used to operate a pump. Although inefficient the first steam engines were used successfully in English and Scottish coal mines.

Why is stable government is important for the industrial rev?

provides security for better investments

Tariff Protection

A government’s way of supporting the national economy by taxing imported goods, ex.
when France responded to cheaper British goods placing a high tariffs on British imports.

Factors of Production

land, labor, capital and entrepreneurial ship

Water Frame

A type of spinning machine invented by Richard Arkwright that used water power to spin thread.

Antiseptic Principle

The idea by Joseph Lister that a chemical disinfectant applied to a wound dressing would destroy aerial bacteria.

Benthamite

Follower of the radical philosopher Jeremy Bentham who taught that public problems should be dealt with on a rational, scientific basis, according to the "greatest good for the greatest number."

Why did people in Britain have better crops than in most countries?

They had used science to find more effective fertilizer.

Why is a better yield important?

more food=healthier ppl=higher population=more labor=better economy

Evolution

The scientific theory that through a process of natural selection, animals adapt to their environment and as a whole, become stronger.

Germ Theory

The idea, contrary to miasmatic theory, that disease was spread through filth and not caused by it.

llegitimacy Explosion

Period between 1750 and 1850 marked by a high number of illegitimate births - by the 1840s, as many as one birth in three was occurring outside of wedlock in many large cities.

Why did they have a land surplus?

Fertilizer meant less land was needed to make the same amount of crops

First Industry of the Rev

Textiles

Textiles

a type of cloth or woven fabric.

Labor Aristocracy

Highly skilled workers who made up the top 15% of the working classes at the turn of the 20th Century.

Miasmatic Theory

The belief that people contract disease when they breathe the bad odors of decay and putrefying excrement.

Pasteurization

Process developed by Louis Pasteur that suppressed the activity of living organisms in liquids by heating it.

Positivist Method

Auguste Comte’s postulation that knowledge passes through three different stages: Theological, (fictitious), Metaphysical (abstract); and Scientific (positive). Knowledge at the scientific stage can be manipulated to improve society.

Why were workers able to leave their farms?

They didn't need as much land to grow food, they didn't need as many workers to work the
farms.

Why did textiles become the first industry?

With land surplus they were able to, raise well fed sheep and the sheep were then sheared

Realism

Artistic movement which stressed that literature/paintings should depict life exactly as it was.

Separate Spheres

Rigid gender division of labor with the wife as mother/homemaker and the husband as
wage earner.

Social Darwinists

Theory that applies the idea of "the survival of the fittest" to the processes of industrialization and imperialism. Like species, societies evolve through a process of industrial/capitalist
competition and natural selection.

1. In the 1830’s, the most technologically advanced country in the world was...
a. Belgium
b. The United States
c. France
d. Great Britain

D

2. Which of the following was a period of falling real wages for English workers?
a. 1792-1815
b. 1815-1850
c. 1850-1890
d. 1890-1910

A

3. Which of the following was used by continental countries to meet British competition?
a. Government support of trade unions
b. Exiling skilled British workers
c. Exchanging secrets and technology with one another
d. Economic nationalism

D

4. Which of the following characterized a cottage worker?
a. Worked at his or her own pace
b. Rarely worked alongside family members
c. Lived in a large city
d. Preferred factory work to work at home

A

5. Which of the following contributed to England’s early industrialization?
a. Colonial trade
b. A weak central banking system
c. An absolute monarch
d. Local protective trade barriers

A

6. The energy crisis of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was solved by
a. Steam power
b. Electricity
c. Wind power
d. Water power

A

7. According to Friedrich List, the promotion of industry by government
a. Was dangerous for the well-being its people
b. Was vital in developing a nation
c. Increased the poverty of the population
d. Required free trade among nations

B

8. The most significant technological advance made during the Industrial Revolution was the
a. Cotton-spinning jenny
b. Steam engine
c. Water frame
d. Windmill

B

10. The industrial revolution in France...
a. Developed at a faster rate than it did in Germany
b. Occurred largely prior to 1780
c. Was dramatically accelerated by the French revolution
d. Lagged behind that of Britain

D

11. The growth of railroads caused all of the following except
a. Increased labor mobility
b. A reduction in the cost of overland freight
c. An increase in cottage industries
d. The widening of markets

B

What was the first natural power used?

Water

12. The first continental country to industrialize was
a. Belgium
b. France
c. Austria
d. Germany

A

13. Industrial development in continental Europe was delayed by the conservative policies of
a. Belgium
b. France
c. Austria
d. Germany

C

14. Before the 1830s,
a. Families in factories continued to work as a unit
b. Factories employed only females
c. Mothers and fathers worked together while their children went to factory schools
d. Child labor was strictly prohibited

A

15. The British workers’ campaign to gain the franchise between 1838 and 1848 was called the
a. Ten Hours movement
b. Luddite movement
c. Chartist movement
d. Democratic movement

C

16. Which of the following does not describe Robert Owen?
a. He experimented with cooperative and socialist communities
b. He organized one of Britain’s first national unions
c. He tried to improve the working conditions of his workers
d. All of the above describe him

D

17. The first factories were
a. Steel mills
b. Furniture companies
c. Chemical firms
d. Textile mills

D

18. Early industrialists in Britain were often
a. Members of the established church
b. Immigrants from the continent
c. Irish immigrants
d. Quakers and Scots

D

19. Workers who challenged industrialization and smashed machines were known as _____?
a. Luddites
b. Chartists
c. Anarchists
d. Socialists

A

The creation of what German customs union in 1834 became the basis of political unification
of the German states?
a. The Bundestag
b. The Reichstag
c. The Zollverein
d. The Bundeswehr

D

21. For women, the Industrial Revolution
a. Did little to change their lives
b. Provided equality with men
c. Discouraged marriage and children
d. Caused them to be confined to low-paying jobs

D

22. During the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain, production
a. Rose at the same rate as the nation’s consumption of goods
b. Rose more rapidly than the nation’s consumption of goods
c. Rose less rapidly than the per capita consumption of goods
d. Fell below the per capita consumption of goods

B

23. Examples of economic nationalism on the European Continent included all of the following
EXCEPT
a. Constructing railway systems.
b. Creating limited liability corporations.
c. Protecting manufactured goods with tariffs.
d. Guaranteeing business profits.

D

25. Difficulties faced by continental Europe when competing economically with the British
included all of the following EXCEPT
a. Lower prices of British mass-produced goods.
b. More complex British technology.
c. Scarcity of workers in Europe.
d. Devastation in continental Europe resulting from the Napoleonic Wars.

C

26. The Mines Act of 1842
a. Prohibited work in mines for all women and boys under 10 years old.
b. Gave women the right to work in coal mines.
c. Allowed children to work in mines after school and during summer breaks.
d. Called for coal mining quotas.

A

27. Friedrich List was an early proponent of
a. Dynamic Conservatism
b. Working-class unions
c. Factory regulation and reform
d. Economic nationalism

D

28. What encouraged Continental banks to invest in new industrial projects?
a. The adoption of a gold standard.
b. The establishment of limited liability laws.
c. An increase in agricultural workers.
d. A large influx of French capital in several European countries.

B

29. What was the effect of the industrial revolution on the diet of urban workers?
a. Workers experienced greater nutritional deficits.
b. Vegetables became increasingly unavailable in the cities.
c. Workers were limited to bread and sugar.
d. Workers consumed a wider variety of foods.

D

30. The hardest initial change workers faced when shifting to factory work was
a. Higher wages
b. Women working beside men
c. The new tempo of factory work
d. Mandatory guild membership

C

31. In his book, National System of Political Economy (1841), German journalist Friedrich List
a. Supported high protective tariffs that would protect newly formed industries
b. Argued that population should grow faster than food supply.
c. Believed in limiting population.
d. Advocated an economy in Germany free of government interference.

A

32. Which of the following statements is true about the conditions of the working class in Great
Britain around 1850?
a. Workers’ leisure time increased as a result of advances in technology.
b. Workers’ pay decreased but with no significant rise in hours worked.
c. Workers earned more because they worked more.
d. Workers labored fewer days a year with an increase in earnings.

B

Richard Arkwrigh

Water Frame Inventor

James Watt

A Scottish inventor best known for his improvements to the steam engine

34. Compared to before, concentrations of wealth in industrial society
a. Changed insignificantly
b. Shifted toward the working class
c. Shifted toward the middle class
d. Shifted toward the aristocracy
e. None of the above

C

35. Which group below was most opposed to drinking as a social outlet?
a. Men
b. The middle class
c. The working class
d. Rural poor
e. Slum dwellers

B

36. Authors of this literary movement in the 19th century (like Zola, Flaubert, and Hardy)
stressed the impact of society on human action?
a. Romanticism
b. Modernism
c. Secularism
d. Realism
e. The positivist method

D

37. Which was the primary reason for the deplorable conditions of English cities by the 1850s?
a. Government corruption
b. The weakness of the English economy
c. The shortage of land set aside by the government for cities
d. The presence of too many urban transportation facilities
e. Rapid population growth

E

38. The development of urban society between 1850 and 1900 38. The development of urban society between 1850 and 1900 brought
a. A decrease in wages
b. A drop in the average standard of living
c. No improvement in city living conditions
d. A larger gap between the income of rich and poor
e. More diversity of occupation in the middle and lower classes

E

39. By 1900, people of the working class
a. Were divided into fluidly-defined subclasses
b. Had very diverse lifestyles
c. Never expected to rise to the middle class
d. Were united against rich
e. Were largely agricultural workers

A

Why were railroad important?

Cultural Diversity, Transferring Equipment

40. One change the nineteenth century brought to women was
a. Less distinction between the responsibilities of husband and wife
b. A rise among married women in factory employment
c. Equal employment opportunities
d. Legal subordination to men
e. The loss of suffrage

D

42. Women in the lower classes
a. Were more likely to reject marriage altogether.
b. Were more likely to breast-feed their babies
c. Rarely got pregnant before marriage
d. Experienced a decline standard of living
e. Cut themselves off from parents and relatives after they got married

B

43. White-collar workers generally
a. Grew in status in the nineteenth century
b. Were not interested in moving up in society
c. Were often recruited from the ranks of the working class
d. Worked on an assembly line.
e. Felt a common tie with manual workers

A

44. The country in which deplorable urban conditions occurred first and most acutely was
a. France
b. Germany
c. Great Britain
d. Ireland
e. The United States

C

45. Comte’s philosophy of positivism was based on the idea that the laws of human relation
were discoverable through
a. God
b. A journey of self-exploration
c. Political action
d. Social science
e. Marxism

D

46. The realist writers held to which of the following principles in their writing?
a. An abiding faith in the perfectibility of society
b. The romantic search for the sublime
c. An emphasis on rural life
d. An approval of middle-class values and life
e. A focus on everyday life, particularly that of the working classes

E

47. The transformation of Paris in the 1850s encompassed all of the following EXECPT
a. New streets and boulevards
b. Improved sewer and water systems
c. A decrease in the number of parks and the amount of open space
d. Comprehensive urban planning
e. The demolition of old neighborhoods

C

48. After 1850, the general standard of living
a. Increased significantly for everyone
b. Decreased for everyone except the very rich
c. Increased for everyone except for the middle class
d. Stayed about the same for most people
e. Improved, but did not close the gap between rich and poor

E

49. Which was not a typical nineteenth century social outlet for the lower classes?
a. Opera
b. Boxing match
c. Gambling
d. Vaudeville
e. Drinking

A

50. In the nineteenth century, heavy drinking and blood sports like cockfighting
a. Were popular leisure activities
b. Were in decline among the poor
c. Most popular in Austria
d. Were prohibited by law
e. Were fashionable among the middle classes

A

51. After 1850, the illegitimacy rate in Europe
a. Increased
b. Rose sharply compared to the rate in North America
c. Decreased
d. Remained about the same
e. Fluctuated depending upon the economic conditions

C

52. Increasingly in the nineteenth century, members of the working class viewed which of the
following as the most important consideration for marriage?
a. Money
b. Ethnicity
c. Child birth
d. Romantic love
e. Status

D

53. Kinship ties within the typical nineteenth-century working-class family
a. Were less significant than professional ties
b. Were often used to arrange marriages
c. Were loose and rarely called upon
d. Extended across several generations
e. Were called upon only in crisis situations

D

54. Division of labor by sex throughout the nineteenth century
a. Increased
b. Decreased
c. Remained static
d. Increased for middle class women only
e. Decreased for middle-class women only

A

55. The roles of father and mother in the early nineteenth century tended to be
a. Static
b. Well-defined
c. Non-discriminatory
d. Flexible
e. Loose

B

56. In the early nineteenth-century, what percentage of Europe belonged to the urban working
classes?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 80
d. 30
e. 50

B

41. The birthrate declined in the late nineteenth century for all of the following reason EXCEPT
a. Better care of children
b. Rising standards of living among the working classes
c. Acceptance of birth-control practices by the Catholic church
d. Declining value of children as an economic asset
e. Both b and c

C

33. Britain’s Factory Act of 1833
a. Monitored pollution levels in factories.
b. Addressed the issue of child labor by limiting their working hours.
c. Encouraged entire families to seek employment in the same factory.
d. Provided women with equal pay for equal work with men.

B

24. In 1851, the Crystal Palace Exhibition
a. Showcased British technological and industrial achievements.
b. Featured the opening of Britain’s first factory.
c. Allowed Europe’s bourgeoisie to show off their prosperity.
d. Was where European countries exhibited their industrial superiority

A