hormones

Growth hormone (GH)

anterior pituitary→cartilage, bones, skeletal muscle, liver, and other body tissues- stimulates the secretion of hormones that stimulate body growth and metabolism

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

anterior pituitary→ thyroid gland- stimulates growth of thyroid gland and secretion of its hormones

Follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH)

anterior pituitary→ testes & ovaries- stimulates sperm production & oocyte production and estrogen secretion

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

anterior pituitary→ testes & ovaries- stimulates the secretion of testosterone & triggers ovulation and stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone

Prolactin (PRL)

anterior pituitary→ mammary gland- stimulates the production and secretion of milk

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

anterior pituitary→ adrenal cortex- stimulates secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

anterior pituitary→ skin- darkens skin pigmentation

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

posterior pituitary→ kidneys- decreases water lost in urine by returning water to the blood

Oxytocin (OT)

posterior pituitary→ uterus and mammary glands- stimulates uterine contraction and milk ejection during sucking

Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3)

thyroid gland→ most body cells- increases metabolism and BMR

Calcitonin

thyroid gland→ osteoclast cells in bone- decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

parathyroid glands→ osteoclast cells in bone- increase blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone matrix

Aldosterone

adrenal cortex→ kidneys- decreases sodium and water loss in urine by returning it to the blood

Cortisol

adrenal cortex→ liver, muscle, and cells involved in body defense- increases resistance to stress, increases blood glucose levels, and decreases inflammation

Androgens

adrenal cortex→ uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in secondary sex characteristics- insignificant in males, increases sex drive in females

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine (NE)

adrenal medulla→ body cells involved in fight-or-flight response- promotes fight-or-flight response

Insulin

pancreas→ most body cells- decreases blood glucose levels by transporting glucose into body cells

Glucagon

pancreas→ liver- increases blood glucose levels by stimulating liver to break down glycogen into glucose

Estrogen & Progesterone

ovaries→ uterus, mammary glands, and other body cells involved in female sexual characteristics- stimulates the development of female sex characteristics and helps regulate the menstrual cycle

Testosterone

testes→ testes, muscle, and other body cells involved in male sexual characteristics- stimulates the development of male sex characteristics, stimulates sex drive, and regulates sperm production

Melatonin

pineal gland → brain- helps set biological clock

Thymosin

thymus→ T cells (WBC) - promote the maturation of T cells for immune responses