7. Cohesion

Cohesion

Unity, solidarity, and integrity within a group

Cohesion properties

Multicomponent and operates at multiple levels

Social cohesion

Attraction between members and toward the group

Interpersonal attraction

Liking specific group members

Group-level attraction

Identification with the group as a whole

Equifinality

Cohesion can arise through multiple different pathways

Task cohesion

Shared commitment to group goals and performance

Collective efficacy

Shared belief in group’s ability to succeed on tasks

Group potency

General confidence in group capability across tasks

Collective cohesion

Unity based on shared identity and belonging

Entitativity

Perception of the group as a single entity

Group identification

Incorporating group into self-concept

Social identity theory

Group membership becomes part of self-concept

Identity fusion

Personal and group identity become strongly merged

Emotional cohesion

Shared emotional bonds and intensity

Relational cohesion theory

Positive interactions strengthen emotional ties

Structural cohesion

Unity from roles, norms, and network connections

Structural clarity

Clear roles and norms strengthen cohesion

Network density

More connections increase group stability

Cohesion-performance link

Cohesion and performance strengthen each other

Group development stages

Sequential phases of group cohesion development

Forming stage

Uncertainty and cautious interaction

Storming stage

Conflict over roles and leadership

Norming stage

Increased unity and agreement

Performing stage

Effective cooperation and task focus

Adjourning stage

Group dissolution after task completion

Equilibrium model

Groups alternate between task and relationship focus

Punctuated equilibrium

Long stability with sudden change near deadlines

Cohesion benefits

Higher satisfaction, performance, and lower turnover

Cohesion risks

Increased conformity and reduced decision quality

Old sergeant syndrome

Distress in leaders of highly cohesive groups after losses

Cognitive dissonance

Discomfort from inconsistency increases commitment

Effort justification

Severe initiation increases perceived group value

Hazing

Initiation involving discomfort to increase bonding and commitment