AAS 310 Final Study Review

What is the primary issue in domestic violence?

Control, rather than just violence.

What is an example of control in a relationship?

Threatening self-harm if a partner breaks up.

What are the statistics for intimate partner violence (IPV) among women?

1 in 3 women have experienced IPV.

What are the statistics for IPV among men?

1 in 4 men have experienced IPV.

Which demographic of women is most commonly abused by intimate partners?

Women between 18-24 years old.

What are some sources of intimate partner violence?

Acculturative stress, alcohol abuse, lower employment levels, and patriarchal ideology.

How does acculturative stress affect immigrant families?

It can cause communication barriers, lack of cultural understanding, and social isolation.

What are adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) often associated with?

Chronic illness, PTSD, depression, anxiety disorders, and conduct problems.

What impact does intergenerational trauma have on families?

Children learn to interact based on behavior patterns from traumatic experiences.

How does trauma affect boundaries in relationships?

It makes it difficult to determine appropriate and healthy boundaries.

How do boundaries differ in Asian vs. Western parent-child relationships?

Western advice often suggests cutting off parents, which is more complex for Asian Americans.

What can acculturative stress lead to in immigrant contexts?

Downward social mobility and increased stress levels.

What is the relationship between alcohol use and domestic violence?

Alcohol use and abuse are linked to physical abuse of spouses.

What is the significance of understanding cultural norms in relation to IPV?

Lack of understanding can exacerbate issues of IPV in immigrant families.

What is the impact of lower employment levels on abusive men after immigration?

It can contribute to increased rates of domestic violence.

What is a key factor in recognizing IPV in everyday life?

Being able to identify control tactics used by abusers.

Why are adverse childhood experiences likely underreported in certain communities?

Cultural stigma and lack of awareness.

What is the process of racialization in the U.S. among people of color?

It refers to how racial identities are constructed and understood within the context of societal norms and power dynamics.

How is masculinity constructed in America compared to Asian American cultural notions?

American masculinity often emphasizes dominance and power, while Asian American masculinity is characterized by traits like politeness and group harmony.

What is the significance of feminization in characterizing Asian American men?

Feminization is often used negatively to portray Asian American men as less masculine or inferior.

What are some characteristics of Asian American cultural notions of masculinity?

Traits include politeness, obedience, flexibility in gender roles, and a focus on group harmony and filial piety.

What is Pleck's theory regarding masculinity?

It identifies three strains: discrepancy, dysfunction, and trauma in the context of gender roles.

What is Wade's theory on gender role self-concept?

expanded gender theory in two ways: (1) gender role self-concept is associated with ego identity development and can take on 4 forms:

1. no reference group

2. reference group dependent

3. reference group nondependent diversity

4. reference group nondependent similarity

What is hegemonic masculinity?

It refers to the dominant form of masculinity that is characterized by being white, middle-class, heterosexual, young, educated, and athletic.

What are the three obediences in traditional gender roles for women?

They measure a woman's value based on obedience to father, husband, and son.

What disparities exist in income levels between men and women?

Women may earn 80% of what men earn over their lifetime.

What is the impact of intermarriage on Asian American families?

Intermarriages can cause tensions, especially when the dominant culture disapproves.

What are some health issues that are significant in the Asian American community?

Breast cancer and diabetes are important but often overlooked issues.

Cass’ Gay Identity Formation Stages states…

Identity confusion, comparison, tolerance, acceptance, pride, and synthesis (CCTAPS)

How are stereotypes of gay men contrasted with those of gay Asian men?

Gay men are often seen as feminine and sociable, while gay Asian men are viewed as passive and subservient.

What is the concept of 'front stage' and 'back stage' self in identity negotiation?

'Front stage' refers to the identity presented to the audience, while 'back stage' is the true self that exists without an audience.

What is racial melancholia?

It refers to the trauma and identity struggles that can be passed down through generations.

What defines the 1.5 generation in the context of immigration?

It refers to individuals who immigrate at a young age and have experiences of both their home and host cultures.

What are the characteristics of middle-class Asian American families?

At least one parent has a high school degree or higher and holds a professional job.

What challenges do working-class Asian American families face?

Both parents often have less than a high school education and work in labor-intensive jobs.

How do coethnic networks support Asian American students?

They provide resources and information about education, including hiring private tutors and navigating the school system.

What factors contribute to higher dropout rates among Asian American students?

Dropouts are more likely from low socioeconomic backgrounds, single-parent homes, and have less supervision.

What are the body's responses to racial identity?

Fight, flight, freeze, fawn

What is somatization in the context of mental health?

It refers to the physical manifestation of psychological distress.

What are culture-bound syndromes?

They describe mental health symptoms that are more numerous and severe among certain cultural groups.

What factors predict mental health issues in Asian Americans?

employment status, old age, gender, social isolation, and recency of immigration.

What are protective factors for mental health in Asian Americans?

Cultural resources, ethnic identity, and community involvement can enhance mental health.

What are common barriers to mental health service utilization among Asian Americans?

Barriers include cultural stigma, preference for somatic complaints, and lack of culturally competent providers.

What is the significance of the Golden Venture incident?

It involved illegal immigration and highlighted the struggles of Chinese immigrants in the U.S.

What are the challenges faced by Chinese restaurant workers in the U.S.?

Many are undocumented and face exploitation and harsh working conditions.

What is the impact of globalization on illegal immigration?

Globalization has increased income inequality and facilitated human smuggling networks.

What is the significance of General Tso's chicken in American Chinese cuisine?

It represents the adaptation of Chinese dishes to American palates and is not well-known in China.

How has the perception of Chinese food changed in America?

Chinese food is now seen as comfort food rather than ethnic cuisine.

What role do fortune cookies play in American Chinese restaurants?

They serve as a novelty and are often associated with Chinese dining experiences in America.

What is the significance of the Moshe Dragon restaurant scandal?

It highlighted the intersection of Jewish and Chinese culinary cultures and the complexities of kosher laws.

What are the implications of the Golden Venture incident for immigration policy?

It raised awareness of the dangers faced by undocumented immigrants and the need for reform.

What is the role of takeout in Asian American dining culture?

Takeout has become a staple for many families, reflecting convenience and cultural integration.

What are the effects of acculturation on mental health?

Acculturation can lead to challenges such as depression, anxiety, and behavioral problems.

What is the importance of cultural values in Asian American mental health?

Cultural values such as family orientation and emotional restraint can influence mental health outcomes.

How do Asian American men negotiate their identities?

They may struggle between emulating dominant masculinity and accepting their cultural identities.

Which company is known for having one of the largest fortune cookie factories?

Peking Noodle

Who is credited with the invention of fortune cookies according to Stephen Tong?

Japanese

What is the primary reason for the high turnover in Chinese restaurant ownership?

The national market for buying and selling restaurants.

What is the typical pricing rule for Chinese restaurants?

Three times its monthly revenue.

What is the significance of Thanksgiving for Chinese restaurant workers?

It is the one day many workers get off and is a popular day for weddings.

What is the primary ingredient difference between American and Asian soy sauce?

American soy sauce often uses hydrolyzed vegetable protein, while Asian soy sauce is naturally brewed.

What is the largest non-brewed soy sauce producer in the world?

The United States.

What trifecta often builds a sense of national and cultural identity?

Blood, language + culture, citizenship

What unique aspect did Wonton Food's fortune cookies have regarding lottery numbers?

They generated winning numbers randomly from a bowl.

What is a common cultural difference regarding fortunes in Japan?

Fortunes are expected to be both good and bad, providing direction in life.

CMNI (Conformity to Masculine Role Norms Inventory)

winning, emotional control, risk taking, violence, power over women, dominance, playboy, self-reliance, primacy of work, disdain for homosexuals, pursuit of status

Gender Role Conflict Paradigm

4 areas where someone can undergo gender conflict:

1. Success power and competition

2. Lack of response

3. Homophobia

4. Restriction of affect toward other men

Masculine ideology/standards

ideas that men should (a) always succeed, (b) never show weakness, (c) be adventurous and risk takers, and (d) never be feminine.

hegemonic bargain

Asian American men bargain with hegemonic masculinity by negotiating the positive aspects of masculinity as a dominant characteristic and the negative aspects of their racial group (i.e., buy into idea that Chinese American men are inferior and personally distance themselves from the group to achieve HIGHER status).

What is the no reference group supporting factor?

Feelings of disconnectedness from all men

What is the reference group nondependent diversity?

Appreciation of difference in males

What is reference group nondependent similarity?

Feelings of connectedness with all groups of men

What is reference group dependence?

Feeling connected to some but not all men (e.g. a man looks up to a model of masculinity)

Lu

Asian women who use their non-Asian partners for status

Chan

Asian man who’s mentally “colonized”

Bananarang

Asian woman who previously dated white men but now seeking relationship with Asian man

What are identity domains?

Forces that exert important, ongoing impact throughout our lives:

1. Cultural

2. Ethnic

3. Gender

4. Personal

Why did Asian Americans in the Bay prefer molly?

It was seen as “clean, non-threatening, safer” to use

What are reasons Asian Americans use drugs?

As a release, experiment, decompression method, party culture, or to break the image of the model minority/participate in counter-culture.

What is menial labor?

Work that doesn’t require formal education

Hypodescent

People assign mixed-race people to lower-status group; one-drop rule

Southeast Asian men are generally happier than Southeast Asian women, except for…

Hmong and Khmer men who are more depressed than women counterparts

What ethnic group of women were more depressed than male counterparts?

Chinese and Filipina Americans

What ethnic group of women were less depressed than male counterparts?

Japanese and Korean American

What are the factors explaining Chinese American opposition to affirmative action?

1. Changes in US immigration policies (1965 Immigration Act preferring skilled, educated immigrants)

2. Social segregation

3. WeChat

Pleck’s dysfunction strain

fulfilling traditional expectations of masculinity but experiencing negative effects as a result

Pleck’s trauma strain

male socialization process is inherently traumatic because they are estranged from emotions

fawn body response

anxious, feelings of guilt, inability to assert boundaries, urge to please people and avoid conflict

Pleck’s discrepancy strain

man fails to fit into gender role norms

causes of acculturative stress

communication barriers, lack of cultural norm understanding, lack of social support, downward social mobility

sources of IPV

acculturative stress, alcohol use, lower employment levels after immigration, patriarchal ideology

Asian American notions of cultural masculinity

polite, obedient, willing to do domestic tasks, mens gender roles flexible and complex, group harmony, filial piety

Asian American identities can be in __ with their drug use

1. disjunction (conflict)

2. balance

3. normalization (not specific to Asian Americans)

Issues in collecting data on Asian American mental health

Eurocentric testing instruments not considering Asian American social desirability, subjective self-reports

mediating/moderating factors

intergenerational conflict, language difficulties, nature of migration

cultural orientations

Assimilated, separatist, bicultural, and marginal