KIN 224 Exam 2 KIN224

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?

A. Regulation

B. Protection

C. Prevention

D. Transportation

B. Protection

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

A. 6

B. 16

C. 8

D. 4

E. 2

D. 4

How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?

A. 6

B. 4

C. 8

D. 2

E. 1

B. 4

Congenital hemolytic anemia is

A. when there is an inherited anemia associated with a defect in iron uptake.

B. characterized by significantly decreased formation of erythrocytes and hemoglobin due to defective red bone marrow

C. caused by a failure of the body to absorb Vitamin B12.

D. when destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal.

E. characterized by a large number of immature, nucleated cells.

D. when destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal.

Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?

A. Lymphocytes

B. Monocytes

C. Eosinophils

D. Neutrophils

E. Basophils

D. Neutrophils

As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol

A. becomes granular as they take up chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2.

B. becomes granular as they take up chemicals such as fibrinogen and prothrombin.

C. degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2.

D. degranulates as they release chemicals such as fibrinogen and prothrombin.

C. degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2.

When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the ________ nervous system.

A. sympathetic

B. parasympathetic

C. somatic

A. sympathetic

In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be

A. increased in number and more efficient.

B. increased in number but more efficient.

C. decreased in number but more efficient.

D. decreased in number and less efficient.

D. decreased in number and less efficient.

In young children, hematopoiesis occurs in most of their bones, but in adulthood it primarily occurs in

A. the liver and spleen.

B. short bones of the appendicular skeleton.

C. long bones of the hands and feet.

D. flat bones of the axial skeleton.

D. flat bones of the axial skeleton.

Which of the cardiovascular system's circuits has deoxygenated blood in its arteries?

A. Visceral circuit

B. Pulmonary circuit

C. Coronary circuit

D. Systemic circuit

B. Pulmonary circuit

The pericardial cavity is between the

A. heart muscle and serous pericardium.

B. fibrous and serous layers of the pericardium.

C. parietal and myocardial layers of the fibrous pericardium.

D. visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium.

D. visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium.

The heart valves

A. are only used in the fetal heart.

B. stabilize and hold the arteries leaving the heart.

C. direct the conduction impulse through the heart muscle.

D. separate the right and left sides of the heart.

E. permit the passage of blood in one direction.

E. permit the passage of blood in one direction.

Metabolically, cardiac muscle relies on

A. aerobic metabolism using many mitochondria and a rich supply of myoglobin.

B. aerobic metabolism using glycolysis of glycogen to meet most ATP demands.

C. anaerobic metabolism using myoglobin, creatin kinase, and ketone bodies.

D. anaerobic metabolism using glycolytic enzymes to quickly generate ATP.

A. aerobic metabolism using many mitochondria and a rich supply of myoglobin.

The metabolic pathways of cardiac muscle make it

A. somewhat susceptible to heart attack, because it has so few mitochondria.

B. extremely susceptible to heart attack, because it uses such a variety of fuel sources.

C. somewhat susceptible to heart attack, because it relies so exclusively on aerobic metabolism.

D. relatively resistant to heart attack, because it has a great capacity to accrue oxygen debt.

E. relatively resistant to heart attack, because it uses exclusively anaerobic metabolism.

C. somewhat susceptible to heart attack, because it relies so exclusively on aerobic metabolism.

Parasympathetic innervation of the heart occurs via

A. CN XII.

B. CN VIII.

C. CN IV.

D. CN VI.

E. CN X.

E. CN X.

The atrioventricular (AV) node is located in the

A. back wall of the left ventricle.

B. floor of the right atrium.

C. roof of the left ventricle.

D. back wall of the right ventricle.

E. floor of the left atrium.

B. floor of the right atrium.

For the repolarization phase of an SA nodal cell action potential,

A. sodium and chloride channels open.

B. calcium channels open and sodium channels close.

C. calcium channels close and potassium channels open.

D. calcium and potassium channels close.

E. sodium and potassium channels open.

C. calcium channels close and potassium channels open.

At the AV node of the conduction system, the action potential is

A. delayed due to the cells being small and having few gap junctions.

B. rapidly advanced due to the cells being large and well connected by gap junctions.

C. delayed due to the cells being large and having many leakage channels.

D. rapidly advanced due to the cells being small and well insulated by myelin.

A. delayed due to the cells being small and having few gap junctions.

In an ECG, what does the T wave represent?

A. Depolarization of the atria

B. Depolarization of the left ventricle

C. Depolarization of the right ventricle

D. Closure of the AV valves

E. Repolarization of the ventricles

E. Repolarization of the ventricles

What supplies blood to the abdominal wall

lumbar arteries

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing stroke volume?

A. Venous return

B. Afterload

C. Chronotropic agents

D. Inotropic agents

C. Chronotropic agents

According to the Frank-Starling law

A. the faster the heart rate, the larger the stroke volume.

B. the more calcium available to the heart cell, the more forcefully it will contract.

C. as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful.

D. the greater the resistance from the arteries, the higher the blood pressure.

C. as the volume of blood entering the heart increases, ventricular contractions become more forceful.

The tetralogy of Fallot is

A. an exceptionally fast heart rate.

B. an inadequate cardiac output due to poorly contracting heart chambers.

C. occlusion of the left coronary artery.

D. a condition in which the left and right sides of the heart are completely reversed.

E. a developmental disorder that is a cardiac septal defect.

E. a developmental disorder that is a cardiac septal defect.

The foramen ovale of the fetal heart is an opening in the

A. tetralogy of Fallot.

B. fossa ovalis.

C. interventricular septum.

D. aorticopulmonary septum.

E. interatrial septum.

E. interatrial septum.

A portal system

A. is one in which circulation to a large organ involves only one artery and one main (portal)vein.

B. includes a functional end artery that makes an arterial anastomosis.

C. is one in which multiple arteries converge on one organ or body region.

D. is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart.

E. is a simple circulatory system with an areriovenous anastomosis.

D. is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart.

Which are found in the capillary wall?a: Endothelium

b: Subendothelial layer

c: Internal elastic lamina

d: Intercellular clefts

e: External elastic lamina

f: Basement membrane

A. a, d, f

B. b, d, e, f

C. a, b, d, e, f

D. a, c, d, e, f

E. a, b, d, f

A. a, d, f

The velocity of blood flow through capillaries is

A. rapid, which prevents pooling in lower extremeties.

B. slow, due to small total cross-sectional area, low friction and high pressure.

C. slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.

D. rapid, due to their small total cross sectional area.

C. slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.

If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be

A. below normal.

B. above normal.

B. above normal.

Concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries,

A. the fluid reabsorbed into the capillary exactly matches the amount filtered by the capillary.

B. more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed.

C. more fluid is absorbed and reabsorbed than is filtered.

B. more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed.

The blood flow to the body organs is (proportional/inversely proportional?) to resistance of the arterioles leading to them

is inversely proportional to the resistance of the arterioles leading to them

Which statement accurately describes total blood flow?

A. Total blood flow is measured as the sum of blood flow to upper and lower extremities and is measured in beats per minute.

B. Total blood flow equals cardiac output and is a fixed number given that there is a finite amount of blood in the body.

C. Total blood flow is measured as the sum of blood flow to upper and lower extremities and is measured in liters.

D. Changes in total blood flow are accompanied by equivalent changes in local blood flow in all areas of the body.

E. Total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels.

E. Total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels.

The respiratory pump assists blood movement within the veins of the trunk, because as a person inspires,

A. intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressure both increase.

B. intra-abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases.

C. intra-abdominal pressure decreases and intrathoracic pressure increases.

D. intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressure both decrease.

B. intra-abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases.

Blood flow is

A. inversely related to the pressure gradient but directly related to the resistance.

B. directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance.

C. inversely related to both the pressure gradient and the resistance.

D. directly related to both the pressure gradient and the resistance.

B. directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance.

Renin converts

A. angiotensin II to angiotensin I.

B. antidiuretic hormone to angiotensinogen.

C. angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

D. antiotensin I to antiotensin II.

E. antidiuretic hormone to angiotensin.

C. angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. What other blood flow changes occur?

A. Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases.

B. Blood flow to skin decreases, and flow to the kidneys increases.

C. Blood flow to skin, heart, and kidneys decreases.

D. Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to skin and brain decreases.

A. Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases.

The _____ in the pulmonary circuit carry deoxygenated blood.

A. arteries

B. veins

A. arteries

The artery that bifurcates into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery is the

A. brachiocephalic artery.

B. right common iliac artery.

C. right brachial artery.

D. right coronary artery.

E. superior vena cava.

A. brachiocephalic artery.

The end of the aorta occurs when the vessel bifurcates into the

A. brachiocephalic artery.

B. subclavian arteries.

C. common iliac arteries.

D. common carotid arteries.

E. None of these answers is correct.

C. common iliac arteries.

Which carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava?

A. Hepatic portal vein

B. Hepatic veins

C. Splenic vein

D. Inferior mesenteric vein

E. Superior mesenteric vein

B. Hepatic veins

The artery that will eventually subdivide to form the posterior cerebral arteries is the _____ artery.

A. external carotid

B. superficial temporal

C. maxillary

D. internal carotid

E. basilar

E. basilar

The popliteal artery supplies the

A. knee joint.

B. elbow joint.

C. palmar region.

D. hip joint.

A. knee joint.

Which sequence indicates the correct pathway for blood in the arterial flow of the upper appendage?

A. Axillary artery - brachial artery - subclavian artery - ulnar artery

B. Brachial artery - subclavian artery - axillary artery - radial artery

C. Subclavian artery - brachial artery - axillary artery - radial artery

D. Axillary artery - subclavian artery - radial artery - ulnar artery

E. Subclavian artery - axillary artery - brachial artery - ulnar artery

E. Subclavian artery - axillary artery - brachial artery - ulnar artery

Umbilical arteries carry _______ blood.

A. oxygenated

B. lymph but not

C. deoxygenated

C. deoxygenated

The umbilical cord contains _____ umbilical vein(s) and _____ umbilical artery(ies).

A. two; three

B. two; two

C. one; two

D. two; one

E. one; one

C. one; two

The first phase of hemostasis involves

A. blood vessel dilation.

B. relese of procoagulants.

C. blood vessel constriction.

D. fibrinolysis.

C. blood vessel constriction.

The main function of leukocytes is to

A. form clots.

B. carry carbon dioxide through the blood.

C. defend against pathogens.

D. carry oxygen through the blood.

E. trigger allergies

C. defend against pathogens.

The most numerous of the formed elements are the

A. basophils.

B. albumins.

C. erythrocytes.

D. neutrophils.

E. platelets.

C. erythrocytes.

Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped

A.by a single ventricle in one minute.

B. by a single ventricle in one hour.

C. by both ventricles in one minute.

D. by both ventricles in one hour.

E. by the left ventricle into the aorta in one beat.

A.by a single ventricle in one minute.

Occlusion of blood vessels tends to lead to

A. defibrillation of cardic muscle cell contraction.

B. increases in capillary exchange.

C. inadequate blood supply and damage to body tissues.

D. increases in perfusion.

C. inadequate blood supply and damage to body tissues.

Pectinate muscles are found on the

A. posterior walls of the right and left ventricles.

B. posterior wall of the right ventricle.

C. external wall of the right atrium.

D. anterior wall of the right ventricle.

E. internal walls of the right and left atria.

E. internal walls of the right and left atria.

the membrane of a contractile cardiac muscle cell contains

A. slow voltage-gated sodium channels and fast voltage-gated calcium channels.

B. slow voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels.

C. fast voltage-gated sodium channels and fast voltage-gated calcium channels.

D. fast voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels.

D. fast voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels.

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax?

A. Left atrioventricular valve

B. Aortic semilunar valve

C. Right atrioventricular valve

D. Pulmonary semilunar valve

E. None of the choices is correct.

B. Aortic semilunar valve

Vagal tone refers to the

A. decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by sympathetic stimulation.

B. decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation.

C. increasing of the heart rate above its inherent rhythm by sympathetic stimulation.

D. increasing of the heart rate above its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation.

B. decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation.

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions?

A. Systemic circuit

B. Pulmonary circuit

C. Visceral circuit

D. Coronary circuit

A. Systemic circuit

The pericardium consists of a tough, fibrous connective tissue layer called the _______________ pericardium

fibrous

Which of the following does not contribute tot he ability of cardiac muscle to meet it's energy demands

glycolytic enzymes

The difference betwn the max and resting cardiac output is called the

cardiac reserve

Match the vessel with its associated chamber.

1. Inferior and superior vena cava:

2. Pulmonary trunk:

3. Pulmonary veins:

4. Aorta Left atrium:

1. Inferior and superior vena cava: Right atrium

2. Pulmonary trunk: Right ventricle

3. Pulmonary veins: Left atrium

4. Aorta: Left ventricle

The branch of the external carotid that is responsible for supplying the teeth, gums, nasal cavity, and meninges is the _____ artery.

A. jugular

B. internal carotid

C. occipital

D. maxillary

E. lingual

D. maxillary

A venule becomes a vein when its diameter is greater than ____ micrometers.

A. 1

B. 10

C. 100

D. 1000

C. 100

If someone were to decrease their food intake and increase aerobic exercise, they might lose adipose tissue and condition their muscles. These changes would also influence their blood vessels, as there would be

A. angiogenesis in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.

B. changes in the diameter of blood vessels, but no angiogenesis nor regression.

C. angiogenesis in adipose tissue and regression of blood vessels in skeletal muscle.

D. regression of blood vessels in adipose tissue and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle.

E. regression of blood vessels in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.

D. regression of blood vessels in adipose tissue and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle.

When a person changes position from lying down to standing, the blood pressure in the veins of the lower limbs __________.

increases

As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries

A. get larger.

B. show no change in their lumen size.

C. get smaller.

C. get smaller.

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be

A. 100 mmHg.

B. 125 mmHg.

C. 40 mmHg.

D. 50 mmHg.

E. 5/3.

D. 50 mmHg.

Valves in veins

A. cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.

B. are the leading cause of high blood pressure.

C. are formed of the tunica media.

D. make the use of a skeletal muscle pump unnecessary for venous blood flow.

E. are found only in the largest veins.

A. cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.

The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells.

A. tunica media

B. tunica externa

C. tunica intima

D. tunica interna

E. None of the answers is correct.

A. tunica media

The vessels that supply the lower limbs are the

A. external iliac arteries.

B. common carotids.

C. subclavian arteries

D. internal iliac arteries.

E. vertebral arteries.

A. external iliac arteries.

When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, veins demonstrate

A. vasoconstriction so that they function as blood reservoirs.

B. vasoconstriction so that blood is shifted toward the rest of the circulatory system.

C. vasodilation so that blood is shifted toward the rest of the circulatory system.

D. vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs.

D. vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs.

Action potentials are conducted from the baroreceptors to the brain via

A. the vagus nerve.

B. the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.

C. the vagus and phrenic nerves.

D. the phrenic and glossopharyngeal nerves.

E. the phrenic nerve.

B. the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves.

Chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies detect all of the following except

A. oxygen levels.

B. blood pressure.

C. pH.

D. carbon dioxide.

B. blood pressure.

The superior vena cava is formed from the merging of left and right ___________ veins.

brachiocephalic

Superior phrenic arteries supply the ______ and emerge from the _____.

diaphragm; descending thoracic aorta

After birth, the remnant of the umbilical vein becomes the

ligamentum teres.

Pulmonary arteries are wider than systemic arteries. Therefore, pulmonary circuit blood pressure is ____, therefore blood flows very slowly through ______, maximizing gas exchange.

low; pulmonary capillaries

Which of the artery types contain the internal and external elastic laminae?

Muscular arteries

Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have ________ effects on blood pressure.

opposite

As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins

get larger.

Systolic blood pressure is recorded

in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction.

Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the __________ and the tissues of the body.

capillaries

Increased cardiac output ______ the blood pressure.

increases

Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to

reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid.

The function of the postcapillary venule is to

drain the capillary bed.

Angiotensin II causes

vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst.

What causes much of the blood in the fetal right atrium to be shunted to the left atrium through the foramen ovale?

The blood pressure in the right atrium is greater than in the left atrium.

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the

net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.

The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the

a: Internal jugular veins

b: Right sigmoid sinus

c: Left sigmoid sinus

d: Subclavian veins

e: Traight sinus

a, d

The femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein when it

passes above the inguinal ligament.

The artery that arises from the descending aorta and is immediately inferior to the celiac trunk is the _____ artery.

superior mesenteric

In general, as an artery's diameter decreases, the artery walls show

an increase in the relative amount of smooth muscle and a decrease in the relative amount of elastic fibers.

Precapillary sphincters functions (4)

control blood flow into the true capillaries.

cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the postcapillary venule.

open when the tissue needs nutrients.

close when the tissue's needs have been met.

As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure

decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases.

Angiogenesis

allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue.

Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n)

simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ.

To prevent excessive blood loss following tissue damage, local chemicals such as

thromboxanes are released to trigger vasoconstriction.

Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood?

Systemic veins

At the bifurcation of the aorta in the pelvic region, the _______ artery arises to supply the sacrum and coccyx.

median sacral

Peripheral resistance is directly related to?

vessel length

Blood velocity is measured in _________ and is generally _________ related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels.

cm/second; inversely

Blood pressure is lowest in

veins

What branches arise directly from the celiac trunk?

Left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries