Endocrine Disorders

What are primary causes of endocrine disorders?

Primary causes originate in the gland responsible for producing the hormone.

What characterizes secondary causes of endocrine disorders?

Secondary causes are caused by defective levels of stimulating hormones from the pituitary gland while the endocrine gland functions normally.

What results from tertiary causes of endocrine disorders?

Tertiary causes result from hypothalamic dysfunction, affecting pituitary function.

How can endocrine disturbances affect dental patients?

All forms of endocrine disturbances can impact oral health and the safe management of dental patients.

What is growth hormone deficiency in children associated with?

It is associated with short stature, immature facial features, and delayed puberty.

What impact does growth hormone deficiency have on bone growth?

It particularly impacts linear bone growth before epiphyseal fusion.

What are some effects of adult growth hormone deficiency?

Primarily affects metabolism, destruction of bone cells, and can lead to fractures and osteoporosis.

What is pituitary gigantism?

Pituitary gigantism is a serious condition caused by adenoma, leading to abnormally large height and weight but normal proportions.

What are facial changes associated with acromegaly?

Enlarged forehead and jaw, pronounced underbite, and enlargement of tongue, nose, and lips.

What does ADH stimulate in the kidneys?

ADH stimulates water reabsorption in response to increased plasma osmolarity.

What condition is caused by ADH deficiency?

ADH deficiency causes diabetes insipidus, leading to excessive water loss.

What is Graves’ disease?

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder associated with hyperthyroidism.

What are common symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Increased skin temperature, excessive sweating, tachycardia, fatigue, and nervousness.

What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

The most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism, an autoimmune disease that can destroy the thyroid gland.

What is myxoedema?

A severely advanced form of hypothyroidism that causes a 'puffy' appearance and can lead to myxoedema crisis.

What is the main impact of hyperparathyroidism?

It is associated with bone lesions due to excessive osteoclast activity.

What condition is Addison's disease?

Primary adrenal cortical insufficiency caused by autoimmune disorder, infection, or trauma.

What are the clinical features of Cushing syndrome?

Signs include moon face, protein breakdown, skin thinning, and osteoporosis.

What is the primary issue in type 1 diabetes?

Characterized by destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells.

What is the difference between type 1A and type 1B diabetes?

Type 1A is immune-mediated while type 1B arises spontaneously with unknown causes.

What is a common complication of type 1 diabetes?

Ketoacidosis due to uncontrolled conversion of free fatty acids to ketones.

What characterizes type 2 diabetes?

Insulin resistance and both beta cell dysfunction, leading to hyperglycaemia.

What are the symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?

Irregular periods, infertility, acne, excess hair growth, and unintended weight gain.

What is a common medication for type 2 diabetes?

Metformin, which increases glucose uptake in muscles and decreases absorption.

What role does glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) play in diabetes treatment?

Mimics glucose-lowering action of incretins and reduces body mass.

What effect do bisphosphonates have on osteoporosis?

They decrease osteoclast activity and bone resorption.

What is the effect of declining estrogen levels in menopause on oral health?

It can lead to thinning of oral mucosa, increased risk of burning mouth syndrome, and increased periodontitis.

What are the oral health implications of PCOS?

Potential for chronic inflammation, gingivitis, and tooth loss despite good oral hygiene.

What is a leading cause of xerostomia in diabetic patients?

Polyuria leading to dehydration.

What increases the risk of infection in diabetic patients?

Xerostomia combined with high salivary glucose levels and impaired immune function.

What is the link between diabetic control and periodontal disease?

There is a two-way link where diabetic patients are more prone to oral infections and caries.

What do advanced glycation end products (AGEs) do in diabetes?

They bind to receptors and accumulate in periodontal tissue, contributing to inflammation.

What oral manifestations can occur in hypothyroid patients?

Delayed wound healing, susceptibility to infections, and increased caries risk.

What condition can run parallel to pregnancy regarding oral health?

Pregnancy gingivitis, caused by hormonal changes enhancing inflammatory response.

Which dental procedure's timing is suggested for pregnant patients?

Weeks 14-20 are considered the most comfortable for dental visits.

What is the significance of monitoring dental medications in pregnant patients?

Caution is advised, particularly during the first trimester.

What is the effect of menopause on periodontal health?

Increased prevalence and severity of periodontitis.

How does PCOS affect the periodontal condition?

Leads to gingivitis that is difficult to treat and associated with halitosis and bone loss.

What can improve diabetic control in patients?

Good oral health management.

What medication class causes stimulation of insulin secretion?

Sulfonylureas.

What is the distinction between ACTH-dependent and ACTH-independent hypercortisolism?

The former is due to pituitary adenoma while the latter is due to exogenous corticosteroid therapy.

What are the consequences of using long-term corticosteroid therapy?

It can suppress adrenal function and predispose to acute adrenal insufficiency.

Name a symptom associated with diabetes insipidus.

Xerostomia due to excessive water loss.

What is the primary concern for treating hypothyroid patients in dental settings?

Their poor cardiovascular health.

What are the dangers of untreated fetal hypothyroidism?

Can lead to impaired neurological function, stunted growth, and physical deformities.

What is the primary symptom of hyperparathyroidism regarding dental health?

Malocclusion due to tooth drifting.

What dental issue arises from chronic systemic inflammation related to PCOS?

Periodontal disease risk increases.

What should be assessed regularly in diabetes to ensure stability?

Blood glucose levels.

How does thyroid dysfunction affect dental management?

May increase anxiety and lead to life-threatening thyrotoxic crisis during stressful dental procedures.

What is the primary impact of adrenal disorders on dental health?

Impaired wound healing and increased risk of infection.