Social studies test #4 start to WW1

In order to memorize the reasons for conflict in Europe previous to WW1 we can use the acronym______

MAIN, militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism.

Militarism

The belief in a strong military( be prepared to use it…) when one nation militarizes other do as well, just in case…. This lead to an arms race in Europe, and also armed peace(oxímoron) because all countries had peace, but were all ready and armed if anything happened( so really there was no peace)

Alliances

Agreement between countries to cooperate with, protect, and defend one another,

Pre WW1 alliances:

Germany x A-H

Italy x A-H

Serbia x Russia

Russia x France

Britain x Belgium

Britain x France x Russia

Italy Pre-war

Had an alliance with A-H but did not honor alliance when war broke out.

Types of Alliances:

Ethnic, Defensive, Economic

Strongest Alliance bond:

Ethnic

Russia and Serbia have an_______ Alliance

Ethnic- both Slavic nation, bound together by their Slavic bonds

Germany-A-H (mainly Austria) had a/an _________ alliance:

Defensive/ethnic

Russia and France had a _____ alliance:

Defensive

Britain x Belgium Had a ______ alliance

Trade based/economic alliance. Britain wants to protect Belgium because they trade a lot and the Belgium Economy is vital to the British economy.

Artillery:

Artillery was a new thing in WW1 with new high-tech weapons that could cause a significantly larger amount of casualties in a smaller period of time(more efficient war weapons) artillery totally changed war and how it is fought today. Because of artillery, new war tactics would have to be made.

Examples of Artillery:

• New types of cannons

• New technology

• Machine guns

• Poison gas

• Barbed Wire

• Tanks

• U-boat

• Airplanes

New cannons:

Could cause more damage to opposing trenches. Fire Further, fire more, more efficient.

Machine guns:

Could fire Morfeo bullets without reloading, no need to aim, more efficient.

Poison Gas:

Later band for how lethal it is(unethical) (Chlorine, Mustard)

Barbed Wire:

Keep people from raiding easily through no mans land.

Tanks:

To storm through Barbed wire.

U-boat:

To travel under water and sneak up on other boats(stealth)

Airplanes:

Sur valance(only)- to get data and repot back about other sides trenches.

Imperialism:

Prior to WW1 European countries were scrambling to get the most land in Africa and expand their empire, conflict would later contribute to the start of WW1.

Africa Prior to European Imperialism

Was very unsettled

Morocco

is controlled by France+Spain but Germany wants Morocco. France and Germany almost fight over Morocco.

Nationalism

Extreme blind loyalty to one’s country. Belief that your country is much better than other countries.

Nationalism leads to an extreme belief in________

National Sovereignty (independence)

National Sovereignty:

Right for a national group to be free+independent with its own country+government.

Serbian + Bosnian Unity:

SErbians wantedBosnia to gain sovereignty from A-H so it can unite with Serbia to form a larger Slavic nation.

Spark of war:

The assassination of the Archduke to the A-H throne Fran’s Ferdinand and his wife.

What group committed this assasination and why?

The black hand. Because they wanted to scare the A-H government. But instead their plan backfired and started WW1

What was the Black Hand?

It was a Serbian Nationalist terrorist Group who would go to extremes i order to grant Serbia national sovereignty.

Archduke Fran’s Ferdinand was very ______ and wanted to ______ Bosnians with _____________.

Progressive, Help, Sovereignty.

The Plan for Assassination:

1.) murder Archduke of A-H

2.) A-H will be so terrified that it will grant Sovereignty to Slavs in Bosinia

3.) The Slavs in Bosnia will join Serbia to form a larger Slavic nation.

How many Black hand assassins where lining the Apple Quay?

8

What happened to the first assassin?

He lost his nerve

Second assassin?

Threw a grenade at the car of the Archduke but misses. He did not want to get shot so he ingested Cyanide and he jumps into a river.

What went wrong with the second assassins suicidal plan?

Two things. The cyanide that he ingested was expired because the black hand is not exactly a well funded organization, and the river he jumped into was only several inches deep, so he just started vomiting uncontrollably and got very wet in the process, he was then arrested and taken to jail.

Ga

Sequence of events that started WW1:

1.) Black hand assassinates the Archduke of A-H

2.)A-H blames all of Serbia but A-H has a very weak military

3.) Austria Hungary sales Germany for support and Germany Provides them with a blank Check

4.) A-H is now powerful with the check and declares war on Serbia

5.) Russia Mobilizes

6.) Germany preemptively declares war on Russia

7.) Germany also preemptively declares war on France

The Schleffen Plan: How Germany can most easily fight a war on two fronts

1st: Quickly knock France out of the war while Russia is still mobilizing

2nd: Then fight war on eastern front against Russia

German Invasion of France logistics:

Because the French will expect Germany to invade through Alsace-Loraine Germany sent the bulk of its troops to march through Belgium in Order to invade through northern France to get to Paris. Germany also sent some troops to ASL to deceive the French. This leaves the Northern front unguarded and easy for the Germans to seize. On the Western front, the Germans advance within 25 miles of Paris where they are stopped by the Marne river by the French which lead to the First Battle of the Marne. On the Eastern front the German forces engage the invading Russian Army and win their first battle. The Germans also won their battle at Alsace Lorain.

First Battle of the Marne:

The German forces are stopped at what becomes the western front. Lines of troops stretches hundreds of miles. A stalemate results, leading to soldiers digging into the ground(trenches) in order to have some cover, this lead to trench warfare.

Trench Warefare:

Barbed wire

No mans land

1st line

2nd line

Artillery

Trench conditions:

Very unsanitary, rats infested on corpses, trenches were filled with mud and water. Disease infested the trenches, feces and human waste were piled in the trenches, no place for the soldiers to sleep.

Trench foot:

Soldiers could contract extremely inflamed feet by standing in the unsanitary trench waters.

Battle of the Somme

Intended to be an allied win but went terribly wrong and led to the death of 1.1 million soldiers. Allies bombarded Centrals with millions of shells for weeks, afterward, they assumed that all of the Germans were dead so they peacefully slowly walked through no mans land, little did they know that the Germans were all safe underground so they slaughtered the allies.

Wilsons declaration of Neutrality

When the war started Wilson explained how the country was more poised and self-aware than the other countries in Europe and basically how they were too good to get involved in the war and pick a side, so they must stay impartial. And what the people of America say and do would be very important In this time.

British Naval Blockade: 1914

One of the Allies most effective war strategies was a naval blockade around Germany that cut off all German trade which made Germans starve, it was also very hard for Germany because they were not allowed to attack all of the ships without the U.S being mad.

The Lusitania sinking 1915

Was a British Passenger ship with some Americans as well, that was holding artillery, but claimed not to be. The Germans sank the LU believing it to be a dangerous ship holding artillery. Resulting in over 1,000 casualties, 128 Americans, this made the U.S very mad and made Germany the bad guy in the U.S perspective.

Unrestricted submarine ware fare:

A tactic of sinking every single ship in sight, passenger or artillery, very efficient for fighting a war, and inflicting casualties. Used this tactic before the sinking of the LU and when the Germans were starving and they realized that Polite Submarine ware fare was not going to cut it.

Polite submarine warfare(1915-16)

When the Germans had to warn non-military ships thirty minutes before sinking them, and they had to ensure safety to all passengers before sinking any merchant ships. This was very inefficient for the Germans because they had to warn ships and they had to make sure that a ship was a war ship before sinking it. Germans were starving and Germany was going down-hill, but at least it kept the U.S happy.

Big submarine warfare decision for the Germans:

Allow their people to starve to death or make America happy.

The Zimmerman Note:

A note from Germany to Mexico stating that if America joins the Allies when they start Unrestricted submarine warfare then Mexico and Germany could form an alliance against the U.S. This note was intercepted by British intelligence and published in the Newspapers. The U.S saw this as a declaration of war from the Germans.

The U.S started to side with the Allies because:

They were profiting more with the Allies from trade, loans would be paid off with an Allied win, unrestricted ware fare and the Zimmerman note led to U.S public outrage.

Wilsons war message:

Germany’s actions were a declaration of war against the U.S and that the U.S needed to make the world a safe place for democracy.

The October Revolution:

After the Tsar abdicated, Russia was lead by a democracy for 8 months, this democracy did not do well, Russians were still starving, fighting and dying. So in November a group called the Bolsheviks revolted an set up a communist dictatorship.

Vladimir Lenin:

Leader of the Bolsheviks

Bolsheviks:

A communist group responsible for the October Revolution.

Communism:

An economic system which there is no profit-based economy and no ownership of private property. Communism is run as a dictatorship were the government is in control of everything.

The U.S.S.R

After the Bolsheviks took control, they later incorporated Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, and armenia, to form the first communist nation.

Woodrow Wilson: (Mr.Morality)

Extreme internationalist( all people of the world come together in peace and harmony, however, domestically he did not believe in Women’s Rights and he did believe in segregation.

The Fourteen Points:

A document made by Woodrow Wilson before the war ended stating what the world had to do in order to stay peacful, and what the U.S wanted, and what was ethical. These points specifically covered the topic of sovereignty and justice to Countries that were wronged before or during the war.

Spanish Flu:

An extremely fatal version of the Influenza Virus that swept over Europe and the rest of the world during and after the war, this flu caused more deaths than the war itself, and also effected soldiers and whole armies.

Treaty of Brestlitovsk:

Treaty Bolsheviks signed in order to Surrender Russia. Made them give up land.

German Spring Offensive:

When The Yankees arrived Germany held one last ditch attempt to do significant damage to the allies, this offensive was not successful.

Battle of Belleau Wood:

First battle that the U.S fought(independently)( Wilson wanted the world to know how valuable the U.S army was,and wanted to show that the U.S played a big role in the war as well.) Americans were successful and it showed American strength.

Meuse-Argonne Offensive:

Largest and deadliest American military operation in the war. It was successful and pushed back the German German troops breaking the Western front stalemate, making it clear that Germany will lose the war.

Abdicate:

To give up the throne.

Kaiser Wilhelmina II abdicates:

Sensing impending defeat the kaiser Ives up power and fleas.

Armistice:

A pause in a war while a peace treaty is being negotiated.

Treaty of Versailles:

Peace treaty that ends the war and determines post-war terms.

Armistice day:

11th day of the 11th month and 11 PM

Big Four:

David Lloyd George(Great Britain priminister), George Clemenceau(France, priminister),Victorio Orlando(Italy, priminister), Woodrow Wilson(U.S, President)

Red Scare:

Intense drive to stamp out those with Communist beleifs, included illegal searches, questionable arrests, and deportation of immigrants critical of the government.

Espionage Act:

Banned people from interfering with war effort but was often used to arrest people who spoke out against war.

Sedition Act:

Outlawed criticizing the government, military, constitution, or war effort, publishing anything seen as disloyal.

Mitchel palmer:

Attorney General, led the justice dept.

Justice department:

Aprehended people suspected of communist ties or beliefs.

Palmer Raids:

1st anniversary of Bolsheviks revolution: 10,000 alleged critics to the gov’t were arrested by the government. Two months later: 6,000 were aprehended across the country(many held without trial on little to no evidence)

September 1920:

Anarchist detonated a bomb on Wall Street killing 38 people and injuring hundreds more.