med anatomy chapter 1

What are the regions of the lower limb? (front)

Inguinal. femoral, patellar, crural (leg).

What are the regions of the lower limb? (back)

Gluteal, femoral, popliteal, crural

What is the regions of the upper limb

Brachium, antecubital region, antebrachial region, carpus

What are the regions of the head?

Cranium (not eyes), Facial, cervical

What are the regions of the trunk? (front)

Thorax, abdomen, pelvis

What are the regions of the trunk? (back)

Back

osteo

bone

neuro

nerves

angi

blood vessels

cardio

heart

tympan

eardrum

crani

skull

oto

ear

hepato

liver

colo

large intestine

ileo

small intestine

pneumo/ pleuro

lung

macro

large

megalo

large / enlarged

hyper

high / elevated

tachy

fast / rapid

oma

tumour

chloro

green

eryth

red

genic

creating /causing

endo/intra

within

inter

between

extra

outside

echo

ultrasonic wave

ectomy

removal of

scopy

using a instrument for viewing

blast

immature cells

dys

not working

emia

blood condition

osis

condition disease

myo

muscle

derm

skin

veno / phleb

veins

rhino

nose

neph

kidney

opthalm/ oculo

eye

thromb

blood clot

mammo

breast

gastro

stomach

carcin

cancer

micro

small

histio

tissue

hypo

low / reduced

brady

slow / reduced

cyto

cell

leuk

white

cyan

blue

osteo

bone/ bony tissue

peri

around

trans

across

paed

child

electro

electricity

gram

picture

octomy

making a cut in

stomy

create an opening

sarco

tissue

mal

bad

it-is

inflammation

pathy

disease

oma

tumor

what does an osteocyte do?

mature osteoblasts

osteoblasts

builds bone

endochondral ossification

Process of transforming cartilage into bone.

how is a cortical bone made up

periosteum, spongy bone, medullar cavity then bone marrow

what is bone made up of

gels (glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans) and fibres (30%) and minerals (70%)

cortical bone

hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone; also called compact bone.

what does the cortical bone house

the medullary cavity

what does the medullary cavity contain

blood vessels, yellow bone marrow, red bone marrow and adipose tissue

yellow bone marrow

adipose tissue contains stem cells that can become cartilage fat or bone cells

red bone marrow

blood stem cells that can become red blood cells white or platelets

at what age do the red bone marrow change to yellow bone marrow

at age 7 we lose have of our red blood marrow

When does the epiphyseal plate close?

between 18-25

spongy bone

bones with holes and endosteum inside contains the cells

osteoclast

bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue

long bone features (top to bottom)

articular cartilage, proximal epiphysis, epiphyseal line proximal metaphysis, diaphysis (medullary cavity), distal metaphysis, distal epiphysis, articular cartilage

epiphysis

flared ends connected from metaphysis

metaphysis

tapered bone between epiphysis and diaphysis

Epiphyseal line

remnant of the epiphyseal plate, seen in adult bones radiolucent

diaphysis

thickest part

what are the long bones in humans

femur, tibia, fibular, humerus radius, ulna, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges, clavicles

bone matrix

part of bone tissue that forms most of the mass of the bone inorganic/ organic

organic

collagen and proteoglycan

inorganic

calcium and phosphate hydroxyapatite crystals

what is an osteon

structural unit of compact bone

haverson canal

longitudinal canal contain blood vessels for osteocytes

lamellae

Each osteon consists of concentric layers, or lamellae, of compact bone tissue that surround a central canal, the haversian canal.

Canaliculi

Hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

Volkmann's canals

channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal

Perisoteum

allows passage of nerve fibres and blood vessels pain sensitive osteoprogenitor cells. Thinnest most sensitive part as it houses a lot of blood vessels

central canal

contains blood vessels and nerve fibres that supply the Haversian system

endosteum

contains osteoprogenitor cells

Sharpay's fibers

very strong elastic fibres that attach the periosteum to the bone

lacunae

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

calcitonin

secreted by the parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland and is released in response to high calcium. Inhibits osteoclast activity and thus lengthens the life of osteoblasts decreasing the CA levels

calcitonin effect on calcium

reduce calcium in blood and increase renal excretion of calcium