ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY (LESSON 1)

ANATOMY

study of body structures and the relationships among those structures

PHYSIOLOGY

is the study of body functions, explaining how body parts work.

CHEMICAL LEVEL, CELLULAR LEVEL, TISSUE LEVEL, ORGAN LEVEL, SYSTEM LEVEL, ORGANISM LEVEL

The 6 levels of structural organization and body systems

CHEMICAL LEVEL

the most basic level of organization, comparable to letters of the alphabet.

MOLECULES

formed when two or more atoms join together.

CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, CALCIUM, SULFUR

ESSENTIAL CEHMICALS FOR LIFE:

CELLULAR LEVEL

Molecules form cells, the basic structural and functional units of life.

TISSUE LEVEL

are groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE, CONNECTIVE TISSUE, MUSCULAR TISSUE, NERVE TISSUE

4 BASIC TISSUE TYPES:

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

covers body surfaces, lines organs and cavities, and forms glands.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

supports, connects, and protects organs and distributes blood vessels.

MUSCULAR TISSUE

contracts to produce movement and generate heat.

NERVOUS TISSUE

transmits information through nerve impulses

ORGAN LEVEL

are formed when two or more different tissue types join together.

They have specific functions and recognizable

shapes.

SYSTEM LEVEL

consists of related organs working together to

perform a common function.

ORGANISM LEVEL

consists of all body parts functioning together as a whole.

EMBRYLOGY

Studies the first eight weeks of human development after fertilization.

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Examines development from fertilization to

death.

CELL BIOLOGY

Focuses on cell structure and function.

HISTOLOGY

Studies the microscopic structure of tissues.

GROSS ANATOMY

Examines structures visible without a

microscope.

SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

Studies the structure of specific body systems

(e.g., nervous, respiratory).

REGIONAL ANATOMY

Focuses on specific regions of the body (e.g.,

head, chest).

SURFACE ANATOMY

Studies external body markings to understand

internal structures through visualization and

palpation

IMAGING ANATOMY

Uses medical imaging techniques (e.g., X-rays,

MRI, CT scans) to visualize internal body

structures.

PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

Examines structural changes caused by

disease, from gross to microscopic levels.

MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Studies the functions of individual molecules,

such as proteins and DNA

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY

Examines the functional properties of nerve

cells.

ENDOCRINOLOGY

Focuses on hormones and how they regulate

and control body functions.

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY

Studies the functions of the heart and blood

vessels.

IMMUNOLOGY

Examines the body’s defenses against

disease-causing agents.

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Focuses on the functions of the airways and

lungs.

RENAL PHYSIOLOGY

Studies the functions of the kidneys.

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY

Examines changes in cell and organ function

due to muscular activity.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Studies functional changes associated with

disease and aging.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Components: Skin, hair, fingernails, toenails,

sweat glands, oil glands.

• Protects the body

• Regulates body temperature

• Eliminates some wastes

• Produces vitamin D

• Detects sensations (touch, pain, warmth, cold)

• Stores fat and provides insulation

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Components: Bones, joints, and associated

cartilages.

• Supports and protects the body

• Provides surfaces for muscle attachment to aid movement

• Houses cells that produce blood cells

• Stores minerals and lipids (fats)

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Components: Skeletal muscle tissue (muscles

usually attached to bones; also includes smooth

and cardiac muscle)

• Facilitates body movements (e.g., walking)

• Maintains posture

• Produces heat

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Components: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and

special sense organs (eyes, ears).

• Generates nerve impulses to regulate body activities

• Detects internal and external changes

• Interprets changes and responds via muscular contractions or glandular secretions

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Components: Hormone-producing glands

(pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary, thymus,

thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas,

ovaries, testes) and hormone-producing cells in

other organs.

• Regulates body activities by releasing hormones

• Hormones act as chemical messengers transported in blood to target organs

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Components: Blood, heart, and blood vessels

■ Heart pumps blood through vessels

■ Blood transports oxygen and nutrients

to cells, and removes carbon dioxide

and wastes

■ Helps regulate acid–base balance,

temperature, and water content of

body fluids

■ Blood components defend against

disease and repair damaged vessels

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Components: Gastrointestinal tract (mouth,

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large

intestines, anus) and accessory organs (salivary

glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas).

• Breaks down food physically and chemically

• Absorbs nutrients

• Eliminates solid wastes

URINARY SYSTEM

Components: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder,

urethra

• -Produces, stores, and eliminates urine

• Removes wastes and regulates blood volume and chemical composition

• Maintains acid–base balance and mineral balance

• Helps regulate red blood cell production

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Components: Gonads: Testes (males) and ovaries (females)

• Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) for reproduction

• Gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes

• Associated organs transport and store gametes

• Mammary glands produce milk

HOMEOSTASIS

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions in the body.

BODY FLUIDS

are dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals found inside

and outside cells

INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF)

Fluid inside cells.

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)

Fluid outside cells,

FEEDBACK SYSTEM

Regulate the body’s internal environment. Body parameter being monitored (e.g., temperature, blood glucose).

RECEPTOR, CONTROL CENTER, EFFECTOR

3 main components of feedback system

RECEPTOR

Detects changes and sends signals to the control center (afferent pathway).

CONTROL CENTER

Sets set point, processes input, and sends commands (efferent pathway)

EFFECTOR

Produces response to restore balance (e.g., shivering to raise temperature).

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM

Reverse a change to maintain homeostasis. Response negates the original change

POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM

Reinforce or amplify a change until an event

stops it. Response amplifies the original change

NUTRIENTS, WATER, OXYGEN, NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE, ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

Survival needs of a human

ANATOMICAL POSITION

It is a body position that is Standing erect, facing forward, head level, eyes forward, upper limbs at sides with palms forward, lower limbs parallel, feet flat and forward.

PRONE POSITION

Lying face down.

SUPINE POSITION

Lying face up

HEAD

Skull (protects brain) + face (eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks, chin)

NECK

Supports head and attaches it to trunk

TRUNK

Chest, abdomen, pelvis

UPPER LIMBS

Shoulder, armpit, arm (shoulder

→ elbow), forearm (elbow → wrist), wrist, hand

LOWER LIMBS

Buttock, thigh (buttock → knee),

leg (knee → ankle), ankle, foot

GROIN

Front crease area where trunk attaches to

thighs

SUPERIOR (CEPHALIC/CRANIAL)

Toward the head or upper part of a structure

○ Example: Heart is superior to the liver

INFERIOR (CAUDAL)

Away from the head or lower part of a structure

○ Example: Stomach is inferior to lungs

ANTERIOR (VENTRAL)

Toward or at the front of the body

○ Example: Sternum is anterior to the heart

POSTERIOR (DORSAL)

Toward or at the back of the body

○ Example: Esophagus is posterior to trachea

MEDIAL

Toward the midline of the body

○ Example: Ulna is medial to radius

LATERAL

Farther from the midline

○ Example: Lungs are lateral to heart

INTERMEDIATE

Between two structures

○ Example: Transverse colon is intermediate to ascending & descending colons

IPSILATERAL

Same side of the body

○ Example: Gallbladder and ascending colon

CONTRALATERAL

Opposite side of the body

Example: Ascending and descending colons are contralateral

PROXIMAL

Nearer to limb attachment or origin of a

structure

○ Example: Humerus is proximal to radius

DISTAL

Farther from limb attachment or origin of a

structure

○ Example: Phalanges are distal to carpals

SUPERFICIAL (EXTERNAL)

Toward or on the surface

○ Example: Ribs are superficial to lungs

DEEP (INTERNAL)

Away from the surface

○ Example: Ribs are deep to skin of chest and

back

PLANES OF THE BODY

Imaginary flat surfaces used to divide

the body or organs

SAGITTAL PLANE

Vertical plane dividing body into right and left

MIDSAGITTAL (MEDIAN) PLANE

Divides body into equal right and left halves

PARASAGITTAL PLANE

Divides body into unequal right and left sides

FRONTAL (CORONAL PLANE)

Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

TRANSEVERSE (HORIZONTAL/CROSS-SECTIONAL) PLANE

Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

OBLIQUE PLANE

Passes through body at any angle other than 90°

BODY CAVITIES

Spaces that enclose and protect internal organs, separated by bones, muscles, ligaments, etc.

CRANIAL CAVITY

Formed by cranial bones; contains the

brain

VERTEBRAL (SPINAL) CANAL

Formed by vertebral column; contains the spinal cord

THORACIC CAVITY (CHEST)

Formed by ribs, chest muscles, sternum, thoracic vertebrae

PERICARDIAL CAVITY

Fluid-filled space around heart

PLEURAL CAVITY

One around each lung

MEDIASTINUM

Central region between lungs (heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, major vessels)

DIAPHRAGM

Dome-shaped muscle separating thoracic from

abdominopelvic cavity

ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

Extends from diaphragm to groin; houses abdominal and pelvic organs

RIGHT HYPOCHONDIRAC, EPIGASTRIC REGION, LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC, RIGHT LUMBAR REGION, UMBILICAL REGION, LEFT LUMBAR REGION, RIGHT INGUINAL REGION, HYPOGASTRIC REGION, LEFT INGUINAL REGION

The 9 Abdominopelvic Regions

RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT, LEFT UPPER QUADRANT, RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT, LEFT LOWER QUADRANT

The 4 Abdominopelvic quadrants