[BIOCHEM-LEC-FINALS] OVERVIEW OF METABOLISM (1/2)

Covers: Overview of Metabolism and Provision of Metabolic Fuel

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

• Carbohydrates

What are the four major biomolecules in the body?

Metabolism

Term used to described the interconversion of chemical compounds in the body.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions that occurs inside our body.

Individual molecules

The substances considered as a substrates or the reactants that enters a certain chemical reaction or a pathway.

Enzymes

Substrates undergo chemical reactions held by?

Products

When substrates undergo chemical reactions—which held by enzymes—they are eventually converted into?

• Anabolic

• Catabolic

• Amphibolic

What are the 3 Categories of Metabolic Pathways?

Anabolism

This pathway is the building up of chemical substances or molecules.

Anabolism

From simple to complex (monomer to polymer).

Anabolic Pathways

Involved in the synthesis of larger and more complex compounds from smaller precursors.

Anabolic Pathways

What category of metabolic pathways?

Synthesis of proteins from amino acids; synthesis of reserves of triacylglycerol and glycogen.

3 Fatty Acids and 1 Glycerol

What are the two precursors that triacylglycerol came from?

Polysaccharide

Glycogen is a?

Glucose

Glycogen are made up of repeating units of?

Endothermic

Is anabolic pathways endothermic or exothermic?

Endothermic

Conservers energy; provides energy reserve.

Catabolism

This pathway is the breaking down of molecules.

Catabolism

From complex to simple (polymer to monomer).

Catabolic Pathways

This pathway involved in the breakdown of larger molecules and commonly involving oxidative reactions.

• Mainly via the respiratory chain, ATP

Exothermic

Is catabolic pathways exothermic or endothermic?

Exothermic

Energy producing; gives energy that will be utilized by the body.

Reducing Equivalents

These will be used to produce energy; for electron transport chain to produce ATP.

NADH and FADH₂

What are the two reducing equivalents that is used to produce ATP?

Amphibolic Pathways

This pathway is the “cross roads” of metabolism. Acting ass links between the anabolic and catabolic pathways.

Citric Acid Cycle

What is the only example of Amphibolic Pathways?

Metabolic Fuels

The different compounds that gives us energy.

• Carbohydrates

• Proteins

• Fats

What are the three major metabolic fuels (precursors)?

Glucose

After the digestion and absorption of metabolic fuels:

The Carbohydrates were simplified into?

Amino Acids

After the digestion and absorption of metabolic fuels:

The Proteins were simplified into?

Fatty acids + glycerol

After the digestion and absorption of metabolic fuels:

The Fats were simplified into?

Acetyl-CoA

Through the catabolism of the carbohydrates, proteins, and fats—it forms the?

Acetyl-CoA

This is the common product of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Citric Acid Cycle

Acetyl-CoA will serve as the precursor to for this cycle.

Oxidation

It is expected that there are two molecules of carbon dioxide because of ___ of Acetyl-CoA.

2

In CAC, how many reducing equivalents will be formed after one round of CAC?

Electron Transport Chain

The reducing equivalents like FADH₂ and NADH will enter this transport chain to produce ATP.

Citric Acid Cycle

What is the central hub of all the fuels?

Acetyl-CoA

The raw material of CAC.

Reducing Equivalents

These are needed for ATP production.

Glucose

What is the monomer unit of carbohydrates?

Basal Condition

This condition is normal; the rate or the number of intake is equal to the number of expenditure.

Excess Condition

This condition is when the intake is higher than what is being used.

Glycolysis

During basal condition, the glucose undergoes a process called?

Pyruvate

In glycolysis—glucose—through the glycolytic pathway is becomes?

6

How many carbons does glucose have?

2

In glycolysis, how many molecules does the pyruvate have?

3

In each pyruvate, how many carbons are present?

Catabolism

Is glycolysis catabolism or anabolism?

Lactic Acid or Lactate

During exercise, there will be a lack of oxygen supply. In the absence of oxygen or deficiency of oxygen, instead of Acetyl-CoA, this will be formed.

Acetyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA or Lactic Acid

Presence of Oxygen.

Lactic Acid

Acetyl-CoA or Lactic Acid

Absence of Oxygen.

Pyruvate

Excess (A): Through enhanced glycolysis, this also increase when the glucose is high.

True

Is it true the Glucose can be Amino Acids (non-essential)?

Triacylglycerol

Excess (B): If there’s a high amount of Acetyl-CoA, not all of it will enter the CAC. Some are meant to be Fatty Acids, eventually will be stored in Adipose Cells that will lead in the formation of?

Weight gain or cholesterol formation

Swelling of adipose cells is an indication of?

Alternative Pathways

Excess (C): When there’s an excess glucose, the certain intermediate product of glucose can enter this.

Glucose 6-phosphate

What is the intermediate product of glucose?

Glycogenesis

Alternative Pathways (A): Glucose 6-phosphate may become glycogen through the process called?

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Alternative Pathways (B): When we have excess Glucose 6-phosphate, it can undergo this pathway.

Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

Pentose Phosphate Pathway is also known as?

• Reducing equivalents

• Ribonucleotides

There will be 2 products if the excess G6P enters the PPP?

Lipogenesis

In hexose monophosphate shunt, the purpose of reducing equivalents is important during this process.

Lipogenesis

The formation of lipids—whether fats or cholesterol.

DNA and RNA

In hexose monophosphate shunt, ribonucleotides is important in the formation of?

Triose phosphate

Alternative Pathways (C): When there is excess Glucose 6-phosphate, we can also predict that this will enhanced in terms of levels (↑G6P = ↑Triose phosphate).

• Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

• Dihydroxyacetone

What are the examples of triose phosphate?

Excess

Alternative pathway when there is?

Glycerol synthesis

When there is excess triose phosphates, they will be converted into?

Triacylglycerol

Glycerol is together with fatty acids to produce different class of lipids. What is their product?

Triacylglycerol

Triose phosphate can be ___ that needs fatty acids.

Fatty acids

What is the simplified form of diet after hydrolysis?

B-oxidation

For fatty acids to be used by the body to become energy, it will undergo a process called?

Carboxylic acid

What is the organic compound of fatty acids?

Esther

When the fatty acids becomes TAG, its organic compound is?

Acetyl-CoA

Every cut of 2 carbons it will become?

Esterification

Fates of Fatty Acids (Excess):

When there is an excess of FA, it will undergo this process.

Ketogenesis

Fates of Fatty Acids (Excess):

When there’s an excess Acetyl-CoA, it will become ketone bodies (provides energy reserves) through?

Cholesterologenesis

Fates of Fatty Acids (Excess):

When there’s an excess Acetyl-CoA, it will also undergo this process which is the formation of cholesterol.

Steroids

Cholesterol is the precursor in the formation of?

Yes

Is triacylglycerol a hydrolyzable lipids?

Lipolysis

The breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids.

Ammonia

When the amino portion accumulates in our body it will be toxic, and may become?

Deamination

In amino acids metabolism, the first objective is to remove the amino group through the process called?

Free ammonia

When the amino group is removed from the body, we will have?

Urea Cycle

This process inside our body that is designated to detoxify the ammonia.

Liver

The urea cycle happens in what organ of the body?

Carbon Skeleton

The leftover portion of amino acid is called?

• Gluconeogenesis

• Acetyl-CoA

• Ketogenesis

What are the fates of carbon skeleton?

Gluconeogenesis

Fates of Carbon Skeleton:

The amino acids or carbon skeleton will become glucose through?

Gluconeogenesis

Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors.

Glucogenic Amino Acids

The fate of amino acids is that they become glucose—they are called?

Liver

Through hepatic portal vein circulation, it is expected that glucose will pass through the?

Lipoprotein

When triglyceride is hydrolyzed, we expect that the fatty acid components will be extracted. But, it will be reformed back into triglycerides and will be repacked, forming a?

Lipoprotien

These are are round particles made of fat (lipids) and proteins that travel in your bloodstream to cells throughout your body.

Chylomicrons

The lipoprotein that comes from the intestine is called?

Chylomicrons

These are the ones that came from the small intestine; most of the time they carry a huge amount of triglycerides.

• Adipocytes

• Skeletal Muscle

Two Fates of Lipoproteins.

Lipoprotein lipase

Fates of Lipoproteins:

In the adipocytes, lipoprotein or chylomicrons will be exposed to an enzyme called?

Lipoprotein lipase

This enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides to free fatty acids and monoglycerides forming lipoprotein remnants.

Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

If the fatty acids are enough, tendency is that the fatty acids from the adipose will enter the liver, and the liver will repack the fatty acids to become triglycerides. The liver will secrete triglyceride into another form of lipoprotein called?