chapter 8 ap pysch

motivation is the general term for all the processes involved in __________

starting, directing, and maintaining physical and pyschological activities

list the 4 things attributed to motivation

1. motivation connects observable behavior to internal states
2. motivation accounts for variability in behavior
3. motivation explains perserverance despite adversity
4. motives regulate biology to behavior

drive versus motive

drive- have a strong biological component and plays a big role in reproduction and survival
motive- urges that are mainly learned

intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation

intrinsic - desire to engage in an activity for its own sake, rather than for an external consequence such as a reward
extrinsic - desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence such as a reward

what type of motivation did Freud emphasize?

unconscious

what are two examples of fixed action patterns?

bird migration
dominance displays in baboons

homeostasis

the bodys tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition, especially with regard to water, nutrients, and temperature

if you believe that studying hard will lead to good grades, do you have an external or internal locus of control?

internal locus of control

true or false - there is no comprehensive theory of motivation that accounts for the whole gamut of human motives and drives.

true

instinct theory

specific biological mechanisms govern our behaviors

drive theory

needs produce specific drives that motivate behavior until the drive is reduced

cognitive theory

many of our motives are the result of perception and learning, rather than biological processes

maslows theory

motivation is based on needs, which occurs in a priority order, so more basic needs are met first.

freud's theory

motivation stems from eros and thanatos, but as we mature we gain more control over these urges

one group of children recieved a reward for drawing pictures while another group of kids did not get an award for drawing. a couple days later, the two groups were asked to draw pictures again. how did the 2 groups react to this?

group with reward - significantly less enthusiastic about drawing
group without reward - more interested in drawing than they were the first time

what term is associated with the study done on the two groups of children drawing?

overjustification

what term shows that overjustification occurs only when reward is given without regard?

quality of performance

what 2 pyschologists pioneered the measurement of achievement motivation?

henry murray and david mcclelland

what test was designed to measure achievement motivation?

thematic apperception test (TAT)

list 5 characteristics of someone with a high need for achievement?

1. higher IQ scores
2. more leadership roles
3. better grades
4. more persistent on difficult tasks
5. more competitive jobs

do individualistic or collectivistic cultures emphasize achievement motivation?

individualistic

anorexia and bulemia are estimated to occur about how my times as often in females as in males?

10 times

at any given time, what fraction of adult americans say they are on some sort of weight control diet?

1/3

who initiated the first major scientific study of human sexuality?

alfred kinsey

what 2 researchers broke with tradition and taboo by studying the physiological aspects of sex?

johnson and masters

emotion

a four part process- physicological arousal, cognitive intrerpretation, subjective feelings, and behavioral expression
-all interact rather than occuring in a line or a sequence

display rules

The permissible ways of displaying emotions in a particular society.

Lateralization of emotion

Different influences of the two brain hemispheres on various emotions
right hemisphere= negative emotions (anger)
left hemispheres= positive emotions (happiness)

james lange theory

an emotion provoking stimulus produces a physical response that produces an emotion
example: when you see a bear in the woods, your heart races and then you are afraid

cannon bard theory

the emotional feeling and the internal physical response occur simultaneously
example: when you see a bear in the woods, your heart races and you feel scared at the same time.

two factor theory

claims that emotions occur due to our arousal of both our physical state and our current situation
example: when you see a bear, you think you should be scared and you also feel nervous, therefore you determine that you are scared

cognitive appraisal theory

we decide on an emotion after the event has occured
example: you see a bear and you are not scared because the bear did not threaten you

opponent process theory

when you feel a given emotion, its opposite is sepressed and will eventually display itself
example: you see a bear and are frightened; later on, you may feel more courageous than usual

inverted U function

the relationship between arousal and performance. low and high levels of arousal produce lower performance than a moderate level of arousal

sensation seekers

an unusually high need for stimulation that produces arousal
-also may be impulsive, prefer new experiences, and gets bored easily

emotional intelligence

ability to regulate your own emotions and to understand and react appropriately to those of others
-daniel goleman

fixed action patterns

genetically based behaviors, seen across a species, that can be set off by a specific stimulus. this concept has replaced the older notion of instinct

need

In drive theory, a need is a biological imbalance (such as dehydration) that threatens survival if the need is left unmet. Biological needs are believed to produce drives.

locus of control

An individual's sense of where his or her life influences originate - internally or externally

overjustification

The process by which extrinsic rewards can sometimes displace internal motivation
-when a kid gets money for playing video games
-giving someone a reward for doing something they already enjoyed can reduce the "enjoyness" of it

need for achievement

a mental state that produces a pyschological motive to excel or reach some goal

set point

Refers to the tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat and body weight.

approach-approach conflict

a conflict where one must choose between two equally attractive options

approach- avoidance conflict

a conflict where there are both appealing and negative aspects to the decision being made
-positive and negative aspects for one scenerio

avoidance-avoidance conflict

a conflict where one has to choose between two equally unattractive options

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

a conflict where one must choose between options that have attractive and negative aspects to both of the options (pros and cons)
example: buying a car or picking a college

describe the four components of emotion

1. physiological arousal - sets off an alarm in the ANS
2. cognitive interpretation - conscious and unconscious recognition of a dangerous situation
3. subjective feelings - comes from the brain sensing the body's arousal and also from past memories
4. behavioral response - facial expressions and vocaliziations

how do the concepts of emotion and motivation differ?

emotion emphasizes arousal while motivation emphasizes how the arousal becomes action

what are the seven basic emotions that people everywhere can recognize according to paul ekman?

-sadness
-fear
-anger
-disgust
-contempt
-happiness
-surprise

are all emotional expressions universal?

no because display rules vary within cultures

how does roberts plutchik's theory of emotion differ from ekman's?

he arranges eight primary emotions on inner ring of the circle of opposite emotions. pairs of adjacent emotions can combine to form more complex emotions

according to marvin zuckerman, sensation seekers have an unusually high need for what? and what characteristics are associated with them?

high need for stimulation that produces arousal.
characteristics - likes new experiences, thrill, and gets bored easily

are there emotional differences between men and women?

yes, some are biological
men are associated with more anger and aggression and women are associated with more depression and panic disorder

what two levels do emotions operate on?

1. unconscious level (implicit memory)
2. conscious processing (explicit memory)

true or false: the brain does not have one emotion center.

true

describe the role of these systems on emotion: limbic system, reticular formation, cerebral cortex, autonomic nervous system, and hormones

limbic system - regulates motives and emotions, amygdala
reticular formation - a built in alarm system
cerebral cortex - interprets events and associates them with feelings and memories
-left hemispheres=positive emotions
-right hemispheres=negative emotions
automatic nervous system - divided into sympathetic (stress/fight or flight) and parasympathetic (peace)
hormones - serotonin (depression), epinephrine/adrenaline (fear), and norepinephrine (anger)

The ability to delay what is a sign of high emotional intelligence?

gratification

what happens to a persons arousal level when they are trying to hide their true feelings?

it goes up

is it easier to control your facial expressions or bodily actions when lying?

facial expressions

are there any accepted, reliable techniques for detecting deception?

no

describe the 2 main eating disorders and how they differ among women, men, and cultures

anorexia: weight less than 85% of a desired weight, you worry about being fat
bulemia: binge eating followed by purging
-10% more likely in women
-not limited to western cultures
-research has focused on biological connection

what are the five current statistics for obesity and weight control in the US?

-obesity has grown at an alarming rate since 1980's
-30% of adults are obese
-the cause of epidemic is not clear
-a third of adults are on a diet
-no one has yet discovered the miracle diet