Biology Honors Unit 2- Cell Structure and Function

What are the three components of the cell theory?

1. all things are made of cells

2. cells are the basic unit of life and function

   1. cells come from other cells

Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. (3 differences)

Prokaryotes: No nucleus, unicellular, simple, bacteria only

Eukaryotes: complex, mainly multicellular, has a nucleus

Nucleus (Function and location)

Contains DNA; control center, found in animals and plants

Ribosomes (Function and location)

Synthesizes proteins; found in cytoplasm, found in both plants and animals

Plasma Membrane (Function and location)

Controls what enters and leaves the cell, found in both plants and animals 

Cell Wall (Function and location)

Provides structural support; has cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi, not in animals only in plants

Mitochandria

Breaks down sugar to produce energy and is the site of cellular respiration, found in animals and plants

Chloroplast (Function and location)

Uses solar energy to create sugar, found in only plants

Vacuole (Function and location)

Stores water and nutrients, large in plants, small in animals

Cytoplasm (Function and location)

Holds organelles, found in plants and animals

Golgi Apparatu (Function and location)

Packages and distributes proteins outside of the cell, found in plants and animals

Lysosomes  (Function and location)

Contains digestive enzymes that breaks down old cell parts, found in animals

Smooth ER (Function and location)

lipid synthesis, regulates calcium, removes toxins, found in plants and animals

Rough ER (Function and location)

Makes proteins, ships in cell, covered in ribosomes, found in plants and animals

What are the four things all cells have?

-ribosomes

-cell membrane

-DNA

-cytoplasm

Explain the role of the cristae in the mitochandria

Increases surface area for more cellular respiration leading to more ATP

Describe how the nucleus, ribosomes, and the golgi complex and  cell membrane interact to produce and transport proteins

Nucleus has instructions for ribosomes to make proteins and then are shipped outside of the cell by golgi to cell membrane will allow it to exit

How are the stems and leaves of plants specialized to perform their functions?

Stems have xylem and phloem —> leaves have chloroplast

Eyespot

-a dark spot

-photo receptor/sensesl ight

Contractile Vacuole

removes excess water

Pseudopod

-footlike projecting

-used for movement

Flagellum

-hairlike projections found in organisms

-provides mobility/transportation

Cilia

-hairlike organelles

-sensory, signaling, mobility

What is a stem cell?

unspecialized cell

Why may stem cells be used for treating disease?

turn into almost any cell

Explain the role of gene activation in cell specialization

-all cells have almost the same DNA

-cells can turn functions on and off to specialize the cell

red blood cell

-carries oxygen

Muscle Cells

-movement and ATP

Sperm Cell

-reproduction

Nerve Cells

-transmits messages

What does the Endosymbiotic Theory propose about the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

They were once photosynthetic prokaryote and aerobic prokaryote that invaded another cell

Endosymbiosis Theory

As a cell gets bigger, what happens to the surface area to volume ratio?

it gets smaller

Why is it best for cells to be small?

better surface area to volume ratio; helps nutrients move