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Developmental exam 2
Developmental exam 2
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1
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What do developmental biologists study within embryos?
Forces that cause cells to take on their fate during development.
2
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What is differentiation?
The process producing overt change in appearance or biochemistry in cells.
3
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What is specification in developmental biology?
A labile state where cells will differentiate in a neutral environment, having information about potential outcomes.
4
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What does determination refer to in cell fate?
Cells that will differentiate autonomously, even if placed in another region of the embryo; fate is set and irreversible.
5
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What pattern of development is seen predominantly in invertebrates?
Mosaic developmental pattern resulting from autonomous specification.
6
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What is Macho development?
A localized development in the egg that is maternally derived, containing muscle-specific actin.
7
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What is syncytial specification?
Formation of one cell with many nuclei due to incomplete cell division.
8
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How do embryonic cells interact in conditional specification?
They exhibit flexible fates and can form whole embryos when isolated.
9
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What are the possible experiments to determine commitment patterns in a species?
Find it, lose it, move it.
10
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What does 'find it' mean in experimental terms?
Identifying the presence of a substance or factor in developmental processes.
11
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What is the implication of 'lose it' in experiments?
Removing a factor and observing the consequences to see if it is necessary.
12
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What is paracrine signaling?
Cellular communication where factors affect adjacent cells over longer distances.
13
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What role do cadherins play in development?
They are calcium-dependent adhesion molecules that mediate cell-cell adhesion.
14
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What is the significance of mesenchymal cells?
They are undifferentiated germ cells responsible for developmental processes.
15
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What are CAMs and their role in morphogenesis?
Cell Adhesion Molecules that assist in sorting, ordering, and movement of cells during development.
16
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What are the main types of signaling interactions?
Juxtacrine signaling and paracrine signaling.
17
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What defines competence in developmental biology?
The ability of a responding cell to react to inductive signals.
18
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What does induction refer to in cellular development?
One cell type influencing the behavior of another nearby cell.
19
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What is the primary function of integrins in development?
To form dimers that mediate cell adhesion and signaling.
20
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Why is the eye formation in Xenopus a notable example of induction?
It illustrates how different embryonic structures can cause reciprocal inductive events.
21
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What can happen if there is a mutation in proteins involved in induction?
It may lead to failures in inductive interactions between cells.
22
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What occurs during the process of gastrulation?
Rearrangement of cells in the blastocyst to form different germ layers.
23
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What does the term 'bilaterally symmetrical animals' refer to?
Animals whose body plans can be divided into left and right halves.
24
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What is the end result of the process of fertilization?
Formation of a zygote from the fusion of sperm and egg.
25
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What stages mark the development in humans?
Fertilization, blastocyst stage, implantation, gastrulation, organogenesis, fetal growth, and birth.
26
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What are the specialized functions of the sperm tail?
To provide motility for the sperm to reach the egg.
27
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How do cortical granules function in the ovum?
They prevent polyspermy after fertilization.
28
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What is IVF and how does it address infertility?
In Vitro Fertilization, it can bypass some issues like sperm motility or blockages in the reproductive tract.
29
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What are the differences between internal and external fertilization?
Contact recognition, prevention of polyspermy, and environment for fertilization can vary.
30
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What are the potential consequences of polyspermy?
It can lead to triploidy, where the zygote has an extra set of chromosomes.
31
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How does age affect fertility in females?
Females stop producing eggs around menopause, affecting their ability to conceive.
32
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What information do cadherins provide in embryonic cells?
They determine tissue-specific adhesion and influence cell interactions.
33
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What is a knockout mutation?
A genetic alteration that inactivates a gene, often used to study gene function.
34
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What is the role of morphogens in embryonic development?
They induce cellular differentiation based on concentration gradients.
35
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Define 'cell adhesion'.
The process by which cells interact and attach to other cells and surfaces.
36
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What is the function of the acrosomal vesicle in sperm?
It facilitates the reaction necessary for fertilization.
37
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How does signal transduction contribute to developmental processes?
It mediates communication between cells, affecting their behavior during development.
38
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What are the consequences of endocrine disruptors in fertility?
They can interfere with hormonal signaling necessary for reproductive functions.
39
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Why is integrin binding important during development?
Integrins play a crucial role in cell migration and tissue formation.
40
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What is the significance of E-cadherin in cancer?
Loss of E-cadherin is often associated with cancer cell invasion.
41
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What are the roles of extracellular matrices during development?
They provide structural support and biochemical signals essential for tissue development.
42
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What mechanisms can lead to ectopic pregnancies?
Often related to untreated STDs or other reproductive tract issues.
43
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How does the zona pellucida function during fertilization?
It protects the egg and prevents polyspermy.
44
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What does the term 'cleavage' refer to in early development?
The series of rapid cell divisions that transform the fertilized egg into a multicellular embryo.
45
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What is the role of the zygotic genome during early development?
It becomes activated during gastrulation, influencing further development of the embryo.
46
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What factors can affect the interaction of cells during development?
The type and density of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and extracellular matrix components.
47
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What research method tests cellular competence for induction?
Reaggregation experiments to see if cells can respond to signals.
48
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What experiment illustrates conditional specification?
Isolated blastomeres forming complete embryos when placed in the right environment.
49
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What role does actin play in sperm motility?
It's involved in the movement of the tail, helping propel the sperm.
50
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What is the embryonic induction timeline?
It describes the series of inductive signals that occur during early embryogenesis.
51
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How does the organization of the dorsal blastopore lip affect development?
It guides proper axis formation in the embryo.
52
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What is meant by 'mosaic' development?
A development pattern where each cell has a predetermined fate, typical in certain invertebrates.
53
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What is dorsal vs. ventral specification?
It refers to the differentiation of cells that will form the back (dorsal) or belly (ventral) of an organism.
54
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How does the maternal environment influence embryonic development?
The egg provides cytoplasmic determinants that influence the early developmental fate of cells.
55
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What is the significance of reciprocal inductions during development?
It indicates ongoing communication between different cell types throughout differentiation.
56
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What is 'ingression' during development?
The movement of epithelial cells to become individual mesenchymal cells.
57
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What are morphogens and their role in cell differentiation?
They are signaling molecules that provide positional information to cells, leading to differential responses.
58
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What is the importance of the ECM during morphogenesis?
It provides the structural framework that guides cellular movements and organization.
59
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What does the term 'transforming growth factor-beta' (TGF-B) refer to?
A family of factors involved in cellular differentiation and proliferation during development.
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