motivation and wellbeing

Motivation

conscious or unconscious drive leading the behaviours that individuals initiate, direct, and maintain

Sources of motivation

physiological, cognition, emotions, social

Physiological source of motivation

necessary for survival (eg food and water)

Cognition as source of motivation

motivation derived from cognitions (belief, perceptions, expectations)

Emotion as source of motivation

stems from trying to avoid pain or gain happiness (panic, love, fear, anger)

Social as source of motivation

stems from our need to be with others, develop social relationships and belong to groups (parents, friends, teachers, media)

Self determination theory who and when

deci and ryan 1985

Self determination theory

people are motivated to learn, grow and change their lives if their basic 3 psychological needs for motivation are satisfied

3 basic psychological needs deci and ryan

autonomy, competence and relatedness

Autonomy

feel in control of your own action. To increase autonomy- own beliefs guide decisions not others. Can increase wellbeing

Competence

need for mastery of a task. Waiting to be good at interests and needs for improvements. Basic need to be good at our interests. Can increase satisfaction from overcoming obstacles and engaging in pursuits

Relatedness

need to form social connections and to be part of a positive environment. Can increase overall wellbeing

Unable to fulfill needs? Will feel

amotivation, need extrinsic rewards to learn or make challenges

If you experience little control over lives

no sense of self determination, poor mental health

Types of motivation and what do they do

shape who we are and how behaviour. Extrinsic and intrinsic

Extrinsic

motivation from outside of you often involving reward

Intrinsic

motivation from inside you often involving drive for fulfilment and growth

Intrinsic leads to

interest, excitement, persistence, increased wellbeing, self esteem, improved performance

Subcategories of motivation

motivation- internal (cognitive evaluation theory), external (organismic integration theory). Amotivation

Internal cognitive evaluation theory

used to predict whether an external event will affect individuals intrinsic

Three types of cognitive evaluation theory

external events which increase independence increase intrinsic motivation.

external events that increase competence increase intrinsic motivation.

If event is controlling will decrease intrinsic

External organismic integration theory

multiple levels

Level 1 OIT

external regulation. Involuntary motivation where we take on particular behaviour because we have to

Level 2 OIT

introjection. Voluntary decision to take action but don’t think of it as our own

Level 3 OIT

identification. Voluntary motivation where we take action as we value the goal/find important

Level 4 OIT

integration. Voluntary decision and behaviour has become part of who we are

Amotivation

lack of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

When do you become amotivation

become amotivation toward a behaviour when environment does not allow for the behaviour to be carried out competently

Strengths of Deci and Ryan

accepted across all cultures as 3 fundamental needs are universal

Limitations of deci and ryan (applications)

multiply components in theory are complex and may limit our understanding of theory and ability to apply

Subjective wellbeing theory who and when

diener 1984

Happiness genetic

50-80%

Wellbeing

satisfaction of life

Most satisfied countries

australia, canada, denmark

Least satisifed countries

russia, sudan, pakistan

Subjective wellbeing (SWB)

a persons cognitive and affective evaluations of ones life

3 components of subjective wellbeing

cognitive component- life satisfaction,

affective/emotional components- positive affect, negative affect

life satisfaction

overall assessment a person makes of their life and their own life experiences

Positive affect

pleasant emotions

Negative affect

distressing emotions

High SWB if

high life satisfaction, high positive affect, low negative affect

How to enhance life (affective components)

decrease negative effect and increase positive affect

Hedonic balance

happiness is assessed by people comparing their negative affect with their positive affect and balance between the two

Strengths of Diener

applicable across multiple cultures as universal. Comprehensive holistic approach to wellbeing

Limitations of Diener

focusses on emotions and personal experience of individual and doesn’t take into account external factors eg finances

Applications of Diener

public health initiatives and policies can be guided using life satisfaction scales within this theory

six factor model wellbeing who and when

ryff 1989

Ryff focus

having a purpose in life, quality of relationships, how these relate to factors such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, race and culture

Ryff known for

studies on psychological wellbeing and psychological resilience. Evaluation on aspects of positive psychological functioning within numerous theories of maturity, self actualisation and positive mental health and identified overlapping concepts across theories

Six factors in model of wellbeing

stupid people always encourage ryffs perspective

self acceptance, positive relations, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, personal growth. Ryff designed question to assess each dimension

Self acceptance

posses positive attitude towards self. acknowledges and accepts multiple aspects of self, including positive and negative qualities feels positive about life.

Positive relations

warm, satisfying, trusting relationships. Capable of empathy, affection and intimacy. Understand give and take of relationships.

Autonomy

self determining and independence. Resist social pressures to think and act in certain ways. Regulate behaviour from within. Evaluate yourself by person standards

Environmental mastery

mastery and competence in managing environment. Control complex array of external activities. Effective use of surrounding opportunities. Able to choose or create contexts suitable to personal needs/values

Purpose in life

have a goal and directedness. Meaning to present and past life. Hold beliefs that give life purpose. Aims and objectives of living

Personal growth

feeling of continued development. See yourself as growing. Open to new experiences. Sense of realising potential. See improvement in yourself and behaviour over time. Changing in ways that reflect more self knowledge and effectiveness

Eudaimonia

combination of wellbeing, happiness, flourishing. Ultimate goal of human

How is eudaimonia incorporated

emphasis on personal development, self realisation and purposeful living

What does eudaimonia align with

concept of achieving one's true potential and living meaningful life

Eudaimonia promoted through

upholding values, goal setting, developing skills which bring joy, authenticity, positive activities, focussing on quality of relationships

Strengths of Ryff

encompasses multiple dimension of wellbeing. Highlights importance of personal growth and self actualisation- provides framework for psychological flourishing. Theory is supported via Psychological Wellbeing Scale- therefore high reliability and validity

Limitations of Ryff

factors like social and economic not included. Culturally biased towards western individualistic values. Dimensions can be difficult to measure objectively.

Applications of Ryff

explore ways in which quality of sleep impacts psych wellbeing. Research shows optimal sleep indicated higher levels of personal growth, purpose in life, environmental mastery, self acceptance and positive relations. Relationship between sleep quality and management of stress and self reservation

Theory who and when -Levels of motivation based on deficiency and growth needs

maslow 1954

Theory who and when- expanded hierarchy of needs

maslow 1970

Maslow original theory believed

humans are born good. Humans are motivated to achieve highest potential (self actualisation). Maslow focused on what went right with people rather than what went wrong. He believed that individuals possess a set of motivation systems unrelated to rewards and that we will be motivated to achieve a set of needs by this motivation systems

Self actualisation figures

our highest potential (1-100 people). Maslow analysed personality of 60 historical figures and personal friends that he felt had attained it- mother teresa, nelson mandela, ghandi

Commonalities amongst 60 historical figures maslow studied lead to maslow proposing

from these characteristics he proposed the hierarchy of needs and claimed they are required for individuals to achieve self growth and reach self actualisation

Two types of needs

deficiency needs and growth needs

5 stages maslow

people say lovers eat shit

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualisation

Deficiency needs (D needs)

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem. Motivation decreases as needs are met

Growth/being needs (B needs)

self actualisation. Motivation increases as needs are met

Process of moving up hierarchy

basic needs motivate people first. Every person is capable and has desire to move up towards self actualisation. Once lower level needs are met we try to satisfy increasingly higher level needs. So few reach self actualisation as process is disrupted by life experience which causes us to move down a level. Needs at top are most important for personality development. If two different needs are in conflict the lower needs would dominate.

Longer duration of need being denied means

need to fulfill become stronger

Physiological needs

food, water, air, sleep, shelter

Safety needs

from physical/emotional attacks, from fatal disease, invasion, extreme losses. When frightened, thoughts and energies are diverted.

Love and belonging

inclusion- part of a group, affection- love and be loved, control- influence over others and self

Esteem needs

respect from others through awards, honours, status. Respect for self through mastery, achievement, competence

Self actualisation needs

stop cruelty/exploitation, encourage others talents, enjoy taking on responsibilities, seek truth, prefer intrinsic satisfaction, be just, give unselfish love

Maslow 8 stage levels

physiological, safety, belonging and love, esteem, cognitive, aesthetic, self actualisation, transcendence

Cognitive needs L5

the mental process of gaining knowledge + understanding through the senses, personal experience, and mental ability. Desire to gain knowledge through curiosity and goal to understand.

Understanding

refers to need for theological, philosophical and set of beliefs that one can use to help make decisions

Aesthetic needs L6

appreciation and search for beauty, balance, form. Meeting aesthetic needs contributes to well being and sense of fulfilment. Includes symmetry, rightness, delight and perfection.

Transcendence needs L8

the experience of going beyond the limitations of physical human experience, their lives have a deeper meaning. They are more accepting, loving and honest. They contribute to humanity rather than focussing on self

Strengths of maslow

focussed on positive dimensions of personality (unlike other personality theories). Provides complete picture of how the healthy personality develops and provides an explanation for the development of an unhealthy personality. Some of the ideas put forward in various theories have become a part of various approaches to counselling still used today

Limitations of maslow

sample of participants were small and purposefully selected to those who believed self actualised, hence based on subjective measure. Simplistic, idealistic, vague ideas about personality, very few can be scientifically tested. Encourage the individual to focus on their own self-fulfilment or other idea