APUSH Preiod 4 Vocabulary

Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr

Jefferson's vice president; killed Hamilton in a duel.

Battle of New Orleans

After the peace treaty which ended the War of 1812, Andrew Jackson won this battle which dramatically raised his popularity with the population.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Pre-emptive strike against the Native American nation occupying land in Illinois, which acted as a catalyst to the War of 1812.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Sustained a school's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state government.

Embargo Act of 1807 (the year matters)

This was Jefferson's extreme response to the continued seizing of American ships by Britain and France. It crippled the US economy.

Era of Good Feelings

This phrase applies to the relative peace and prosperity during the Monroe Presidency.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Case decision that firmly established the sovereignty of the federal government ALONE over interstate trade.

Hartford Convention

New England Federalists met here to discuss their opposition to the War of 1812 and possible secession from the United States.

Henry Clay

He was the Speaker of the House for much of his political career, and served as Secretary of State following his dealings with John Q. Adams during the 1824 election.

James Madison (President)

The president that presided over the War of 1812.

John C. Calhoun

Most famous for his role in the pre-Civil War debate over states' rights; this South Carolinian was Jackson's VP and soon became of the biggest supporters of a state's right to nullify "unjust" federal laws.

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court that justified Federalists policies in cases like Marbury vs. Madison and McCulloch vs. Maryland.

Lewis and Clark

Jefferson utilized the Elastic Clause to appoint these men to map and explore the newly acquired western lands of the United States.

Loose interpretation (of the Constitution)

The government of the United States hold all powers that are not specifically denied to it by the Constitution; laws can be added if needed.

Louisiana Purchase

This land deal demonstrated Jefferson's failure at strict constructionism.

Marbury v. Madison (must know this - most important court case in US History)

Supreme court case that led to the expansion of judicial powers and exempt the Jefferson administration from carrying out the justice appointments of Adams

McCulloch v. Maryland

The court case that established the sovereignty of the federal government over the states, claiming that no state could tax the Bank of the United States.

Non-Intercourse Act

Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's bill No. 2.

Strict interpretation (of the Constitution)

This idea stated that if the Constitution did not specifically give the right to Congress, then that right did not belong to them.

Thomas Jefferson (president)

Though purportedly an advocate of limited government, this president did more to expand the powers of the Federal government then either of his predecessors

War Hawks

Members of Congress, predominantly from the South and West, who aggressively pushed for a war against Britain after their election in 1810

War of 1812

The conflict, known as "Madison's War", was instigated by War Hawks in an attempt to completely remove British presence from the Americas.

William Henry Harrison

Leader of the battle against the Indian nations against Tecumseh, this man was a war hawk, and later served the shortest presidential term in American History.

Treaty of Ghent

Signed in Belgium, this agreement ended the war of 1812, though it spoke nothing of England's recognition of American neutrality.

Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819

This treaty purchased Florida from Spain

Black codes

Laws passed by states denying many rights of citizenship to free black people prior to the Civil War

Denmark Vesey's conspiracy

Planned slave revolt to lead slaves in South Carolina to freedom in Haiti, but failed

Gabriel's Rebellion

In 1800, a literate black slave launched a large scale slave revolt in Richmond, VA. Governor Monroe quickly crushed the rebellion. Result was that slaves could no longer congregate on Sundays without supervision.

Gang System

A system used on most plantations in which all field hands worked on the same task at the same time. Greatly increased efficiency.

Industrial Revolution

During this dramatic change, the manufacturing business and transportation business was radically transformed due to increases in technology.

James Monroe

This President and Founding Father presided over the Era of Good Feelings.

King Cotton

Expression used to describe the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry

Missouri Compromise, 1820

Sectional compromise passed in 1820 that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery above the 36,30 line.

Monroe Doctrine

Declaration that the Western Hemisphere was to be closed off to further European colonization.

Nat Turner's Revolt

Uprising of slaves in Virginia in 1831 led by this namesake slave and resulted in the death of 55 white people; this frightened the South and tightened slave codes; Restricted freedom for all blacks in South; South began to aggressively defend slavery as "positive good"

Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817

The Treaty demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval armaments and forts still remained, and laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the US and British North America.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival among black and white Southerners in the 1790s and across the US during the 1830's and 1840's sparking a wave of social reforms.

Underground Railroad

This secret system of houses and hiding places allowed a few hundred runaway slaves to escape to freedom in the Northern United States or Canada.

Yeoman

Independent farmers of the South, most lived on family-sized farms

Nullification Crisis

Sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson; caused by South Carolina declaring that some federal tariffs were unconstitutional and, therefore, null and void

Indian Removal Act of 1830

The President rammed this 1830 legislation through Congress in an effort to force the 5 civilized tribes out of the Southeastern United States.

Black Hawk

Leader of the Sauk tribes of Indians located in Illinois during the 1830's. When the Indians were forced out of their homes, he led the Indians in resisting the move but was not powerful enough to defeat US forces. In 1832 they were defeated and forced to move into Oklahoma.

Trail of Tears (1837)

This term describes the forced removal of Native Americans into the Indian Territory in present day Oklahoma; many Cherokee died, especially the young and old.

Bank War

This conflict over the National Bank culminated with Jackson's destruction of the Bank of the United States and transfer of its monies into his loyal Pet Banks.

Specie Circular

This was the name given to gold and silver coin, or "hard currency", which became the only form of payment the government would accept for payment for public lands by order of Andrew Jackson.

American System / Henry Clay's American System (two terms are the same)

1. Re-charter the Bank of the United States; 2) Levy protective tariffs to help American industry; 3) improve American infrastructure.

Common Man

This term refers to the ordinary citizen of the United States, usually a farmer, but generally including all those not in the merchant class or above. Jackson often strove to appeal to them.

Cotton Gin

Invented in 1793, Eli Whitney created this device that separates the seeds from the fibers of the dominate crop of the 19th century Southern United States.

Democratic Party

This was the name given to the party of the Jacksonians after the Democratic Republican party ceased to be.

Eli Whitney

He made no money off of the cotton gin but made money by demonstrating the concept of interchangeable parts to win a contract to put together rifles & muskets.

Erie Canal

This was the most significant canal created during the early 1800s. It linked the old Northwest (IL, WI, OH, IN) with the Hudson river in the east and New York City.

"Jacksonian Democracy"

This time period in US government ushered in universal male suffrage, looking to the common man, and usage of the spoils system.

Lowell Mills

These mills, located in New England, became the model for all textile mills in the United States after their creation in the early 1800s.

Market Revolution

This resulted in the shift from the cottage industry toward an economy based on mass production of goods in factories as well as a shift from the barter system to the cash system.

Pet banks

After destroying the Bank of the United States Jackson moved money to these state level institutions that were generally loyal to the Democrat party.

Putting-out system

This was the system where women manufactured clothes at home before the industrial revolution.

Spoils System

Jackson implemented this method of appointing his supporters and friends to cabinet positions and other offices of authority.

Two-Party System

This concept started with the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans changing to Whigs and Democrats then to Republicans and Democrats.

Transportation Improvements

This refers to the advancements in infrastructure building through the increase in the number and interconnectedness of roads, canals, and railroads in the first half of the 19th Century in the United States.

Whig Party

This party formed in opposition to the Jacksonians in the mid-1820s and rallied around the support of a central bank. Daniel Webster and Henry Clay were prominent members of this new party.

Abolition

Advocates for this movement were William Lloyd Garrison and Fredrick Douglass; a reform resulting from the Second Great Awakening.

American Antislavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

American Colonization Society

Organization founded in 1817 that advocat¬ed sending freed slaves to a colony in Africa; it established the colony of Liberia in 1827 and encouraged free African Americans to emigrate there as well.

Declaration of Sentiments

In this document, women at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 expressed their argument for women's rights, especially suffrage.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

She was a member of the women's right's movement in 1840. A mother of seven, she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first women's right's convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. She read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal."

Frederick Douglass

This former-slave from Maryland became a prominent anti-slavery activist and published the anti-slavery newspaper known as The North Star.

Grimke Sisters

These two women reformers objected to male opposition to their antislavery movements and wrote Letter on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes.

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist author and thinker famous for his idea that the Market Revolution cost people a great deal spiritually; writer of "Walden" and known for his "civil disobedience."

Horace Mann

The leading reformer of the public school movement and worked for a longer school year and improved teaching conditions.

Liberty Party

America's first antislavery political party, formed in 1840. When the party ran a presidential candidate in the 1844 election, it split the Republican vote and inadvertently tipped the 1844 election in favor of Democrat James Polk.

Nat Turner Rebellion

same as Nat Turner's Revolt (or This slave uprising occurred in 1831 in Virginia where many whites were killed, resulting in the strengthening of slave codes in that there began to be an actual fear of slaves in the South.) - I will use either definition

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalist author and thinker that argue that people needed a sense of "self-reliance" for the Market Revolution to succeed.

Sectionalism

Political parties began to align themselves geographically, with particular regions, rather than philosophically, especially in terms of slave states.

Seneca Falls Convention

In 1848 New York, this was the first women's rights convention where it adopted Declaration of Independence ideas, such as "equal rights for both men and women."

Shakers

This is the oldest Utopian community that believed in the equality of all, including women. This group sought to abandon the traditional idea of family in favor of a larger group of brothers and sisters, and despite their rules of celibacy, grew to over 6,000 members by 1830.

Sojourner Truth

She was a former-slave, abolitionist, and significant evangelist who travelled around trying to advance the abolitionist and Christian agendas.

Susan B. Anthony

She was a key leader of the women's suffrage movement, a social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helping to form the national woman suffrage association.

Tammany Society (later known as Tammany Hall)

A fraternal organization of artisans begun in the 1780s that evolved into a key organization of the new mass politics in NYC; becomes preeminent political machine in NYC.

Temperance

The reform movement in the 1820s stemming from the Second Great Awakening which saw alcohol as the cause of all social ills, and was highly supported by Protestant leaders.

Transcendentalists / Transcendentalism

People who were a part of a literary movement that focused on the idea that individuals could experience the divine on their own through nature.

William Lloyd Garrison

This man began the publication of The Liberator. He did not go for compromise. He stood for the immediate abolition of slavery, and founded the American Antislavery Society.