ch 6: mental disorders

anxiety disorders

excessive fear and anxiety and related behavioral disturbances

panic disorder

recurrent panic attacks (abrupt surges of intense fear or intense discomfort accompanied by physical and/or cognitive symptoms)

agoraphobia

marked anxiety about using public transportation, being in open spaces, being in enclosed places, being in a crowd, and or being outside of the home alone

specific phobia or phobia disorder

fearful or anxious about or avoidant of circumcised objects or situations; phobias have to be classified as extreme or irrational

social anxiety disorder

fearful, anxious or avoidant of social interactions and situations that involve the possibility of being scrutinized

generalized anxiety disorder

excessive anxiety and worry about a number of events or activities that occur more days than not for at least six months

obsessive compulsive disorder and related

acts individuals feel compelled to perform in response to obsessions or according to rules that must be followed rigidly

obsessive compulsive disorder

recurrent and persistent thoughts that are intrusive (obsessions) followed by repetitive behaviors or mental acts the individual feels driven to perform (compulsions)

obsessions

recurrent, intrusive thoughts that cause anxiety or stress

compulsions

actions performed to reduce anxiety associated with the obsessions

trauma and stressors related disorders

exposure to a traumatic event or stressful event is a specific diagnostic criterion

post traumatic stress disorder

characteristic symptoms (flashbacks, distressing dreams, memories of event, avoidance of distressing thoughts and memories and external reminders) following exposure to one or more traumatic events

causes of stress disorders

traumas that may have happened to an individual

causes of anxiety

genetics or specific traumatic event

acute stress disorder

symptoms similar to PTSD, but follows immediately after the even (within 2-4 days) and lasts for a shorter period (4 weeks or less)

dissociative disorders

disruption of and/or discontinuity in normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control and behavior

dissociative identity disorder

presence of two or more distinct personality states (or alters) or an experience of possession and recurrent periods of amnesia

bipolar and depressive disorders

experiencing times of depression and manic episodes

bipolar I

depressive moods that last two weeks and manic moods that last at least one week

Bipolar II

depressive moods that last at least two weeks and hypomanic moods that last at least one week

major depressive disorder

depressed mood most of the day and/ or diminished interest in almost all activities

schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

presence of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking/speech, disorganized or abnormal motor behavior, and negative symptoms

schizophrenia

lasts for six months and includes at least one month of active phase symptoms

personality disorders

enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from expectations of individual’s culture

antisocial (cluster B)

pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others

borderline (cluster B)

pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity

narcissistic (cluster B)

pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy

paranoid (cluster A)

general distrust and suspiciousness of others, doubts everyone, doesn’t confide in others, lives in isolation, holds grudges

schiziod (cluster A)

aloof-avoids social interaction because not interested in getting to know others, find physical contact less pleasurable, flat affect

avoidant (cluster C)

shy, timid, socially inhibited, low self-esteem, wants relationships but does not take social risk and avoids situations, hypersensitive to rejection and negative feedback

psychological disorders

defined as deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns

deviant

one culture’s behaviors may be considered normal, but to another, not so much

dysfunctional

interrupts daily functioning

distress

disorder must be accompanied by distress, whether it be to just the individual or to those around the individual

Phillip Pinel

developed the medical model

medical model

concept that diseases or disorders have causes that can be diagnosed and treated, and in most cases cured

evil spirits or star movement

what did they believe was the source of disorders in ancient times

trephination, exorcism, animal blood transfusion

methods used in ancient times to treat mental disorders

APA

created the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)

DSM

handbook of mental disorders

1952

when was the first DSM published

DSM 5 TR

what is the current version of the DSM

criticisms of the DSM

stigmatizing labels and putting any kind of behavior within the compass of psychology

five categories of phobias

animals, natural environment, blood & needles, situations, and other

causes of anxiety and phobias

fear conditioning and observational learning

fear conditioning

conditioning yourself to be afraid of something

observational learning

learning to be afraid of certain things from watching other people be afraid of thinggs

multipersonality disorder

what did DID used to be known as

causes of DID

early childhood trauma

which gender is DID more likely to show up in

woman

what is MDD referred as

the “common cold” of psych disorders

what percentage of woman have MDD

20 percent

what percentage of men have MDD

12 percent

what causes MDD

unknown but likely a combo of genetics, environment, and biological factors

what are the genetic components of MDD

if a family member has it, you are 3x more likely to have it too

depression cycle

1.Negative stressful events

2.Pessimistic explanatory style

3.Hopeless depressed state

4.These hamper the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection

depressive state symptoms

gloominess, withdrawn, hard to make decisions, tired, and slow thinking

manic state symptoms

elation, euphoria, desire for action, hyperactive, and multiple ideas

mania

restlessness, extreme hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior especially if it leads to hospitalization

hypomania

less severe version of mania

causes of bipolar

most likely genetics and environment

genetic influences for mood disorders

these are more likely to run in families; depression rate between identical twins in 50% while fraternal is 20%

positive symptoms

presence of inappropriate behaviors

positive symptoms in schizophrenia

hallucinations, disorganized thinking, delusions

negative symptoms

absence of appropriate behaviors

negative symptoms in schizophrenia

expressionless, rigid bodies

types of delusions in schizophrenia

persecutory, grandiose, bizarre

persecutory delusions

the person believes they are being harmed, mistreated, or plotted against by others

grandiose delusions

the person believes they are very talented, rich, influential, or famous

bizarre delusions

the person believes there is something that is implausible or impossible, such as being abducted by aliens

different kinds of hallucinations

auditory, visual, olfactory

what is the most common hallucination in schizophrenia

auditory

causes of schizophrenia

disease of the mind exhibited by symptoms of the mind, can be triggered if genetically predisposed by infections, trauma, unstable home life, and poverty?

development-schizophrenia

more likely to develop schizophrenia if your identical twin has the disease, nearly 1 in 100 suffer from it, typically develops in late adolescence or young adulthood