Ch. 13 Principles of Management

behavior

the actions of people

organizational behavior

the study of the actions of people at work

employee productivity

a performance measure of both efficiency and effectiveness

absenteeism

the failure to show up for work

turnover

the voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization

organizational citizenship behavior

discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee’s formal job requirements, but that promotes the effective functioning of the organization

job satisfaction

an employee’s general attitude toward their job

counterproductive workplace behavior

any intentional employee behavior that is potentially damaging to the organization or to individuals within the organization

attitudes

evaluative statements, either favorable or unfavorable, concerning objects, people, or events

cognitive component

that part of an attitude that’s made up of the beliefs, opinions, knowledge or information held by a person

affective component

that part of an attitude that relates to emotions or feelings

behavioral component

that part of an attitude that refers to an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something

job involvement

the degree to which an employee identifies with their job, actively participates in it, and considers their job performance to be important to self-worth

organizational commitment

the degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in that organization

perceived organizational support

employee’s general belief that their organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being

employee engagement

when employees are connected to, satisfied with, an enthusiastic about their job

cognitive dissonance

any incompatibility or inconsistency between attitudes or between behavior and attitudes

attitude surveys

surveys that elicit responses from employee through questions about how they feel about their jobs, work groups, supervisors, or the organization

pulse survey

a short employee attitude survey sent to employees at a regular interval, such as weekly

personality

the unique combination of emotional, thought, and behavioral patterns that affect how a person reacts to situations and interacts with others

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

a personality assessment instrument that classifies people in four categories

Big Five Model

personality trait model that includes extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience

Dark Triad

the three personality traits of Machiavellians, narcissism, and psychopathy

Machiavellianism

a measure of the degree to which people are pragmatic, maintain emotional distance, and believe that ends justify means

narcissism

a grandiose sense of self-importance, a need for excessive admiration, and arrogance

psychopathy

a lack concern for others and a lack guilt or remorse when actions cause harm

self-esteem

an individual’s degree of like or dislike for themself

self-monitoring

a personality trait that measures the ability to adjust behavior to external situational factors

emotions

intense feelings that are directed at someone or somethinge

emotional intelligence

the ability to notice and to manage emotional cues and information

perception

a process by which we give meaning to our environment by organizing and interpreting sensory impressions

attribution theory

a theory used to explain how we judge people differently depending on what meaning we attribute to a given behavior

fundamental attribution error

the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgements about the behavior of others

self-serving bias

the tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors

selective perception

biased perception based on our interests, background, experience, and attitudes

assume similarity

the assumption that others are like oneself

halo effect

a general impression of an individual based on a single characteristic

contrast effect

potentially distorted perceptions based on comparisons to others

learning

any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience

social learning theory

a theory of learning that say people can learn through observation and direct experience

shaping behavior

the process of guiding learning in graduated steps using reinforcement or lack of reinforcement

operant conditioning

a theory of learning that syas behavior is a function of its consequences