Exam 3 Practice Exams

If one has asthma and is in the middle of an asthmatic attack, he or she might have an inhaler that when inhaled, blocks

H1

If I were to tell you that drug/compound/chemical “X” was a vasodilator and a bronchoconstrictor chances are that drug “X” is

histamine

Humans have_____pairs of ribs which corresponds evolutionarily to the number of actual thoracic vertebrae humans have

12

The enzymes associated with radical oxygen metabolism using H2O2 as an intermediate when an organism is an obligate aerobe are

Glutathione Peroxidase

Catalase

Superoxide Dismutase

Which prostaglandin promotes vasoconstriction and promotes platelet aggregation

Thromboxane as an enzyme product of PGH2

The fracture is diagonal and off-set to the medullary cavity has resulted in the presence of bone fragments and has not penetrated the skin

oblique displaced

comminuted

Not enough space in that joint for me to be anywhere near freely movable or even partially movable

impinged

an autoimmune disorder that usually involves antibody or neutrophils and plasma cells that leads to stiffness, swollen and painful joints is

rheumatoid arthritis

ADH is——-by C2H5OH and caffeine. Ergo, as one—not you angels of course-drinks alcohol or a caffeinated beverage, their urine volume goes——

inhibited, up

2nd messengers we have seen and or studies in BIOL 319

NO

Ca++

cAMP

IP3

DAG

Choose the tenets/components of human skeletal muscle that are true

source of nutrition

movement

posture

joint stability

It had been theorized that the phenomenon known as——-could potentially be a significant factor in the island of Jamaica having significantly more individuals with Type 2B skeletal muscle fibers

founder effect

A one, singular skeletal muscle cell can be referred to as a

myofiber

myocyte

A catch-all term or phrase for a group of 30 or more genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles

muscular dystrophy

Which medical condition is characterized by inflammed joints of the wrist and hands brought on by an autoimmune condition

rheumatoid arthritis

Proteins that are directly associated with creating a resting membrane potential are

Na+/K+ ATPase Pump

Slow-leak K+ channel

Skeletal muscle from smallest to largest units are

myofilaments

myofibrils

myofibers

fascicles of muscle

The Cori Cycle can turn lactate back into pyruvate and that pyruvate can then

be sent back into the blood stream where the pyruvate can be sent to other cells

go through gluconeogensisis

go through kreb’s cycle

If you are an aspiring Olympic marathoner, you would hope that genetically you had inherited a disproportionate number of what type of skeletal muscle fibers

Type 1

Creatine under the influence of——-can add a PO4 on to——-to regenerate——.Moreover, as an ancillary benefit, when one supplements his or her creatine——-follows the creatine into the muscle cell via osmosis leading to a bloated muscle cell

creatine kinase; ADP; ATP; water

When myosin “heads” initially attach to actin (sans movement), this is commonly referred to as———formation

cross bridge

Which of the following do not shorten during microscopic analysis of skeletal muscle contraction

A-Band

Actin

Myosin

Which of the following is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber

an action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane

transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum

calcium is released and binds to troponin complex

tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites

the thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP

The “plateau phase” of a cardiac myocyte action potential is associated with what channel or channels being open

VG K+ channel

VG Ca++ channel

The part if a cardiac sino-atrial node action potential denoted below by the arrow is associated with what channel or channels being open

VG Ca++ channel

If there is an issue with step 3 of the muscle contractile cycle and the organism is living, this would commonly be referred to as

cramp

When one sees “ATPase” she or he should think that ATP hydrolysis will be coupled to another reaction and ultimately ATP hydrolysis will turn a———reaction into a ————reaction which means it———happen IF ATP hydrolysis takes place

positive delta G; negative delta G; can

The micro anatomy of a skeletal muscle cell shows that the presence of——-allows an action potential to travel “deep” into the middle of that cell and eventually that AP opens a——-channel, thus facilitating the beginning of a cross bridge being formed post-binding of Ca++ to troponin

T-tubules; VG Ca++

Drugs that are nicotenic ACH receptor antagonists and that up regulate the neurotransmitter GABA are more than likely——-

muscle relaxants

The point where the voltage-gated K+ closes completely is

D bottom of the loop

The primary reason why the action potential of a smooth muscle cell “rolls” instead of “spikes” during the depolarization is smooth muscle has 

fewer fast VG Na+ channels

The minimum graded depolarization needed to close the voltage-gated Na+ channels is indicated by the label

B very top of the loop

The component of the action potential that denoted hyper polarization is indicated by the label

D (bottom of the loop)

In our 319 Exam III studies where have we seen/studied a VG Ca++ channel that can open and allow Ca++ to diffuse down its concentration gradient passively? Where are the found?

End of a neuron

sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle

the SA node of the cardiac “pacemaker”

The depolarization of a cardiac myocyte action potential is associated with what channel or channels being open

VG Na+ channel

VG K+ channel

The part of a cardiac sino-atrial node action potential denoted below by the arrow is associated with what channel or channels being open

Na+ leak channel

Threshold is denoted by what on the graph

A(first part of the graph)

If one has the following values what is his or her cardiac output

MAP=95 mmHG

Stroke Volume= .075 L/Beat

Heart Rate= 68 beats/minute

Resistance in the system= .098 (resistance coefficient)

5.1 L/minute

The accessory muscle protein that binds Ca++ and causes the other actin accessory protein to “roll” out of the way given that molecular protein facilitates conformational change is——-

troponin

tendons and ligaments being overexerted and stretched excessively

microtears in action and myosin

lactic acid buildup

If one has a blood pressure of 150/90 his or her mAP is

110 mmHG

If one stands up too quickly…”intracranial pressure will——and the smooth muscle of the PCS will——to——-blood pressure

fall/lower

vasoconstrict

rise/elevate

When a physiologist takes all of the EPSPs associated with a tissue and then adds/subtracts the IPSPs from the EPSP with the ultimate question being “Did this cell or tissue reach threshold?” The mathematical computation in terms of physiology and APs is called—-

summation

The Na+/Glucose Co-transport system was discovered at The University of Florida in the 1960s and that discovery later led to the “invention” of gatorade the sports drink! The Na+/Glucose Co-transporter is what type of integral protein

carrier

Cranial nerve X (Vagus) is——-to the heart which means that ACH from the Vagus nerve will bind to a———ACH receptor and———heart rate

parasympathetic

muscarinic

lower

An autosomal dominant disorder that is a mutation on the short-arm of chromosome #4 that allows for too many “CAG repeats” and as such affects many neurological processes such as transcription, intracellular signaling and cell-to-cell signaling is called 

Huntington’s Disease

A mutation of the p53 gene has, in many published articles and textbooks, is associated with or connected to approximately——of ALL human cancers

10%

The largest lymphatic duct in the human body is the

jugular veins

Fracture is diagonal and off-set to the medullary cavity, has resulted in the presence of bone fragments and has penetrated the skin

transverse

comminuted

compound

a bone/joint disorder that is associated with a progressive thinning of hyaline cartilage and osteophytes is——

osteoarthritis

A one singular skeletal muscle cell can be referred to as a

myocyte

Which hormones/molecules are made and released from the anterior pituitary

FSH

LH

ACTH

TSH

Prolactin

Endorphins

GH

COVID 19 was a deadly and impactful virus because it bound to receptors in the———.Unfortunately our———response to the viral invasion led to———-accumulation thereby obstructing the exchange of gases

lungs; inflammatory; fluid

the most prevalent amino acid in meat that some humans consume is———AND because recent paradigm shifts in the study of taste buds have shown that we do have a tongue receptor or taste bud that can bind this particular amino acid which is interpreted as “savory taste” or

glutamate; umami

In general, if a class of hormones is hydrophobic and binds to an intracytoplasmic receptor to eventually affect transcription in that cell, that class of hormone is a

steroid hormone