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Factor analysis

Identifies clusters of related behaviors to reveal personality traits.

Motivation

Internal process that starts and directs goal-oriented behavior.

Lewin's motivational conflicts

Conflicts when goals involve competing positive and/or negative outcomes.

Approach-approach conflict

Choosing between two desirable options.

Approach-avoidance conflict

One goal has both positive and negative aspects.

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Choosing between two undesirable options.

Social cognitive theory of personality

Personality shaped by interaction of behavior, thoughts, and environment.

Reciprocal determinism

Behavior, cognition, and environment influence each other.

Self-concept

Overall understanding of who you are.

Self-efficacy

Belief in your ability to accomplish tasks.

Self-esteem

Overall sense of self-worth.

Trait theory of personality

Personality described by stable traits.

Traits

Consistent characteristics influencing behavior.

Big Five traits

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Personality inventory

Questionnaire measuring personality characteristics.

Emotion (affect)

Feeling state with physiological and behavioral components.

Drive-reduction theory

Motivation to reduce physical discomfort and restore balance.

Arousal theory

Motivation to maintain optimal alertness.

Homeostasis

Maintaining stable internal bodily conditions.

Optimum arousal (Yerkes-Dodson)

Moderate arousal produces best performance.

Facial feedback hypothesis

Facial expressions influence emotions experienced.

Intrinsic motivation

Doing something because it is enjoyable.

Extrinsic motivation

Doing something for rewards or external outcomes.

Incentive theory

External rewards motivate behavior.

Instincts

Innate patterns of behavior.

Sensation-seeking theory

Some people seek intense and novel experiences.

Experience seeking

Desire for new sensory or intellectual experiences.

Thrill/adventure seeking

Enjoyment of risky or exciting activities.

Disinhibition

Desire for impulsive social experiences.

Boredom susceptibility

Dislike of routine or repetitive activities.

Hunger motivation

Biological and psychological drive to eat.

Behavioral factors

Habits and learned behaviors influencing eating.

Satiety

Feeling full that stops eating.

Leptin

Hormone that decreases hunger.

Ghrelin

Hormone that increases hunger.

Broaden and build theory

Positive emotions expand thinking and build resources.

Social norms

Cultural expectations for behavior.

Universal facial expressions (6)

Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust.

Display rules

Cultural guidelines controlling emotional expression.

Physiological factors

Biological processes influencing emotion and behavior.

Hypothalamus

Brain region regulating hunger, hormones, and homeostasis.

Pituitary gland

"Master gland" controlling hormone release.