apes soil and rock and mining

top three elements in the crust

O (46); Si(28); Al(8)

ore

metals removed from crust as part of rock

could also be in pure forms in veins

bauxite

aluminum ore—most plentiful and most desirable Al ore

found in tropical regions

which elements are often from ugneous rock deposits

Cu, Au, Ag, Pb

reserve

the known quantity of a resource that is economically recoverable

strip mining

removing strips of soil above ground to expose ore

open pit mining

you dig from a pit

mountain top removal

you blast off the top of a mountain

issues with surface mining (environmental)

destroys habitats, water flow issues, air pollution

placer mining

panning for gold

subsurface mining

katniss’ father :(most dangerous to miners

100m underground

tailing

leftover unwanted material

can pollute or clog nearby waterways

sulfide mining

removing gold, copper, nickel, and platinum from ores that contain sulfide

acid mine drainage

sulfur compounds leak into water and lower pH

general mining act (1872)

govern mining land

need a lease to mine

encourages mining

surface mining control and reclamation act (1977)

regulates surface mining (focused on coal) land must be minimally disturbed, must reclaim land after mining, replant vegetation, reshape land to OG shape, contain tailings

clean air act (1970)

authorized the development of emission standards—EPA oversees regulation of pollutants (particulate matter, sulfur gases, etc.)

clean water act (1970)

regulates pollutants of water (EPA)

superfund (1980)

regulates and fuels cleanup of hazardous waste sites by EPA

4 purposes of soil

plant growth, habitat for organisms, recycle nutrients, filters water

weathering

physical breakdown of rocks by wind, water, and other biological agentgs

chemical; weathering

breakdown of rock byh chemical agents

erosion

the physical removal of rock fragments by wind, water, blah blah

deposition

the accumulation or depositing of eroded material such as rock

parent material

what rock types led to the soil

climate

tropical is bad, temperate climate is good

topogrpahy

shape and slope of land

organisms in soil

more in soil are better

time

how long the soil has been developing

horizons of soil in order (excluding E)

OABC

o horizon

organic, decomposing, plant roots

a horizon

most important—mixding of materials

e horizon

soil is exposed to too much acid and leeches into b horizon—creates a thin white layer where there is lack of nutrients

b horizon

worst part—very clay-like

metals and nutrients

c horizon

weathering parent material

still being broken down

porosity

the amount of empty space w/in soil (%)

permeability

ability of water and air to flow through soil

sand

very porous and heavy

most permeable

clay

lightest

less permable but still may be very porous

compaction

causes clay to lose porosity

red/yellow in soil

iron oxides

brownish soil color

iron sulfides

white

calcium

balck

organic material

gray/silver

low oxygen

cation exchange capacity

the ability of a soil to expose and release specific cations

base saturation

the proportion of soil bases to soil acids

Ca, Mg, Na, K

soil acids

Al3+, H+

bad

good soil pH

5.5-6.5

soil pH below 5.5

too much Al3+

soil pH above 6.5

bases won’t dissolve

N

causes plants to grow leaves and be green

P

roots and flowering/fruit plantgs

K

boost immune system, fluid transport

NPK formula

fertilizer components by what % of soil is N/P/K

the core is made of

iron and nickel

the mantle is made of

magma

asethenosphere

layer of rock right below lithosphere

lithosphere

crust and uppermost mantle

where plates move

what causes tectonic plates to move

convection currents

hotspots

places where molten material from the mantle reach the lithosphere

divergent

going away from each other

sea floor spreading

mid ocean ridges

undersea chain of volcanos

ex: iceland

convergent

going towards each other

subduction—one plate goes under another

forms mountains and deep ocean trenches

ex: himalayas

transform

slide along each other

not constant/uniform

earthquakes

faults

a fracture in rock across where there is movement

fault zone

large expanses of rock where movement has occured

epicenter

the exact point on the surface directly above the location where rock ruptures

richter scale

the measure of movement in an earthquake

increases 10x

hawaii

hot spot

volcanoes

cali

tranform

earthquake

(San Andreas fault)

iceland

divergent

hot spots where that guy makes bread

nepal (+northern India, Bhutan, southern china, parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan)

Himalayas

convergent boundary

igneous

rocks that form directly from magma

intrustive

form slowly inside of the earth

extrustive

forms when lava quickly cools above surface

sedimentary

formed when sediements are compressed together

sandstone, shale, limestone, etc.

often a good place to find fossil fuels

metamorphic rocks

formed when a rock is subjected to high pressures and tenps

quartz, gneiss, slate, marble

where is the ring of fire

pacific ocean (the part of the world flat earthers don’t believe in)