Human Physiology Unit 3

Stroke volume

amount of blood pumped from each ventricle in a heartbeat

Cardiac output

the volume of blood ejected from each vetricle per minute

Preload

the amount of ventricular stretching before systole

Contractility

the strength of contraction for a given preload

Afterload

the pressure needed to open the semilunar valves

Filtration

the flow of substances from the capillaries to the interstitial fluid

Reabsorption

the flow of substances from the interstitial to the capillaries

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

the pressure exerted by the blood on the interior wall of the capillaries

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

the pressure exerted on the outer wall of the capillaries by the interstitial fluid

Colloid osmotic pressure

the pressure exerted by the presence of plasma proteins, which are too big to be filtered out of the blood

Edema

swelling caused by the buildup of fluid

Erythrocytes

red blood cells that transport oxygen

Leukocytes

white blood cells that have immune functions

Platelets

blood cells that prevent hemorrhage

Type O

What blood type is considered the universal donor for RBCs?

Type AB

what blood type is considered the universal donor for plasma

Ventilation

airflow in and out of the respiratory tract

Inspiration

aka inhalation, air flow into the lungs

Expiration

aka exhalation, air flow out of the lungs

Tidal volume

modest amount of air inahled and exhaled at rest

Inspiratory reserve volume

additional volume that can be inhaled beyond tidal volume

Expiratory reserve volume

additional volume that can be exhaled beyond tidal volume

Residual volume

additional volume that cannot be exhaled beyond expiratory reserve volume

Dead space

air not undergoing gas exchange in both the conducting airways and the alveolar space

Inspiratory capacity

total volume of air that can be inhaled from the bottom of tidal volume

Functional residual capacity

total volume of air remaining at the bottom of tidal volume

Vital capacity

total volume of air which can be inhaled or exhaled between a deep inhale and a deep exhale

Total lung capacity

total volume of air that can be in the lungs at maximum inflation

Compliance

ability to stretch

Elasticity

ability to recoil

Restrictive disorders

lung diseases that result in difficulty inhaling, causing reduced inspiratory reserve volume. Forceful exhalation is still possible

Obstructive disorders

lung diseases that make exhaling difficult, forceful exhalation is low compared to vital capacity

Surfactant

fluid that decreases surface tension, helps keep smaller alveoli inflated

Dalton’s Law

the partial pressure of a gas is proportional to its relative concentration and the total gas pressure

Henry’s Law

the amount of dissolved gas is proprotional to its partial pressure in the air and its solubility

Filtration

removing stuff from the blood

Secretion

removing even more stuff from the blood

Reabsorption

moving substances back into the blood

Nephron

functional unit of the kidney

Lumen

inside of the nephron

Renal Plasma Flow

total amount of blood plasma that goes to the kidneys and all of the nephrons

Glomerular filtration rate

the amount of fluid filtered into the nephron at the glomerulus

Clearance

the rate (volume/time) in which blood is cleared of a substance A

Autoregulation

all of the components of the homeostatic feedback loop regulating GFR are within the kidneys

Apical side

side of the renal epithelial cell that faces the lumen

Basal side

side of the renal epithelial cell that faces the interstitial fluid and nearby capillaries

Paracellular transport

solutes cross directly from the filtrate to the interstitial fluid via leaky cell junctions

Transcellular transport

solutes cross apical and basal membranes to enter the interstitial fluid

Juxtamedullary nephrons

type of nephron that establishes the strong medullary gradient

Parathyroid hormone

hormone that can increase calcium reabsorption in the early distal tubule

Aldosterone

hormone that promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal tubule and collecting duct

Antidiuretic hormone

hormone that promotes water reabsorption in the distal tubule/collecting duct by placing aquaporins in the apical membrane

Renin

enzyme that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Angiotensin II

hormone involved in homeostatic regulation of blood pressure