biomed EOC study guide

The type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells is important for all of the following functions EXCEPT

Production of sperm and eggs

Eukaryotic cells have their chromosomes packages in the

Nucleus

Chromatin consists of

DNA and protein

A duplicated chromosome consists of two

Sister chromatids

The structure where sister chromatids are joined is called the

Centromere

What happens during interphase

Chromosome duplication occurs

The cells that result from the mitosis cell cycle can be described as

Two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information

What happens during prophase

the mitosis spindle begins to form

________ is a stage of mitosis

Telophase

The CORRECT sequence of stages of mitosis is

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

During metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Which event occurs during anaphase

Sister chromatids become separate chromosomes

During telophase

The events of prophase are reversed

Cytokenises typically begins during the ______ stage of mitosis

Telophase

Aa correct comparison between a benign and a malignant tumor is that

Benign tumors do not metastasize, malignant tumors do

Homologous chromosomes

Carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics

What is the chromosomes composition of a normal human male

44 autonomies, 1 X chromosome, 1 Y chromosome

What is the chromosomes composition of a normal human female

44 autonomies, 2 X chromosomes

Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual are called

Autonomies

Nucleotides are made of

DNA and histone proteins

Plant cell cytokinesis differs from animal cell cytokinesis because

Pant cells from a cell plate and animal cells do not

If the cleavage furrow or cell plate shown in the figure formed nearer one pole of the dividing cell rather than at the midline, what would be the predicted result

Cells would be very different in size

Which of the following clues in the microscopic examination may indicate cancer

Cells with large, variably shaped nuclei

Eukaryotic chromatin is composed of which of the following macromolecules

DNA and proteins

What is the name of the region on duplicated chromosomes where the sister chromatids are most closely attached to each other

the centromere

DNA and RNA are polymerase composed of _____ monomers

nucleotide

The backbone of DNA consists of

Repeating sugar-phosphate

DNA contains the. Nitrogenous base ____ instead of _____ which is only found in RNA

thymine, uracil

In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ____ and guanine pairs with _____

Thymine, cytosine

If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence ATCCGA, what is the sequence of the other strand

TAGGCT

How many amino acids are common to all living systems

20

What is the name given to the collection of traits physically exhibited by an organism

Phenotype

How many nucleotides make up a codon

3

If a strand of DNA has the sequence GACTTA, transcription will result in a (n)

Single RNA strand with the sequence CUGAAU

The expressed (coding) regions of eukaryotic genes are called

Exons

The RNA that is translated into a polypeptide is ______ RNA

mRNA

What cellular structure facilitates the process of translation

ribosomes

Translation converts the information stored in _____ to ______

RNA, a polypeptide

The DNA codon GTA codes for an amino acid carried by a tRNA with the anticodon

GUA

The transfer of information from RNA into a protein is known as

Translation

The codon CAU codes for the amino acid _____

Histidine

A single amino acid substitution in the hemoglobin gene ______

Changes an anime acid in the hemoglobin protein

Transcription is the ____

Manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA

Inheritance that is _____

Autosomal recessive

The ______ is most commonly found in nature

Wild-type trait

People with lactose intolerance do not have enough

Lactase

A single carbon atom can form a maximum of ___ covalent bonds

4

In the following reaction, galactose is a ______

Galactose + glucose → lactose + water

Monomer

Diabetes can be prevented or controlled by which lifestyle changes

Eating healthy diet, increasing exercise, weight loss

Initial symptoms of type 1 diabetes are

Fatigue, exhaustion, dizziness

High blood glucose level is known as ______ and can cause health problems

HyPERglycemia

For blood health, it is important to include ____ in our diets

Polysaccharides

Plants use which molecule as an energy-storing carbohydrate

Starch

Saturated fats are saturated with

Hydrogen

Which outcome is a health effect of a diet high in saturated fats

Increased risk of heart attack

Proteins are polymers constructed from ________ monomers

Amino acid

Under normal condition, as blood glucose levels go up, insulin levels go

Up

Nucleic acids are polymers of ______ monomers

Ucleotide

DNA nucleotides include

thymine, guanine, adenine, cytosine

The oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells is

Hemoglobin

The proportion of red blood cells in the blood is

hematocrit

The cell fragments that assist with clotting is:

Platelet

Which of the following results on a CBC could indicate anemia

low red blood cells count, low hematocrit

The ability to tolerate lactose throughout life most likely arose in

Cultures that keep dairy herds

Which of the following cholesterol test results are associated with heart health

Low LDL cholesterol levels and high HDL cholesterol levels

Which substances are NOT typically measured in a basic metabolic panel

hemoglobin

Which describes the number of heart beats per minute

Pulse

A process if referred to as aerobic if it requires

Oxygen

The waste products of cellular respiration include

Water and cO2

Which are products of cellular respiration

Carbon dioxide, water, ATP

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur

Cytoplasm

A physician is examining a patient who fatigues easily after walking only a short distance, tissue examination reveals that certain skeletal muscle cells are missing mitochondria. Laboratory tests are likely also to find ______.

A buildup of lactic acid

Which stages occur in the cytoplasm?

Glycols is

Rod shaped bacteria are called

Bacilli

One difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria is

Gram positive bacteria have more peptidoglycan in their cell walls = purple

In which of these environments would you normally find prokaryotes

Seawater, soil, intestinal tract, human skin

Prokaryotic cell walls function

To prevent the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment

Steps of gram staining

crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin

What is the purpose of grams iodine as a mordant in the gram stain

Prevent the crystal violet from leaving cells

Bacterial smears are fixed before staining to

Affix the cells to the slide

What is the total magnification of a specimen viewed with a 10x ocular lens and a 45x objective lens

450x

Which type of staining technique is the most useful in helping clinicians to decide which antibiotic to prescribe for a bacterial infection

Gram stain

If a gram stain is performed correctly, what is the color of a gram positive bacteria

Purple

You are performing a gram stain on gram positive bacteria and you stop after the addition of the first dye, what is the appearance of the bacteria at this point

purple

Steps of gram stain and affixing

Making a smear, fixing, staining

What percentage of a population needs to be vaccinated for herd immunity to occur

95%

The secondary response in the B cell response occurs when memory cells bind to ______

Antigens

Which cell type initiates a secondary immune response

Memory cell

Antibodies _____

Are a type of molecule that assists in destroying particular antigens

A typical vaccine consists of a solution containing

A harmless variant of a disease causing microbe

The major result of the inflammatory response is to

Disinfect and clean damaged tissues

What is a response of our innate defense system

Inflammation

What kinds of cells engulf the foreign cells and molecules they encounter and recognize

Phagocytic cells

Slugs produce mucus, what component of their immune system is this

External innate system

Which is one of the body’s first lines of defense against infection

Skin and mucous membranes

What differentiates gram positive bacteria from gram negative bacteria

The way the cell wall stains