Vector-Borne Diseases

What is another name for Lyme disease?

Lyme Borreliosis

What disease is transmitted through the bite of a infected black-legged deer tick from the genus lxodes (hard ticks)?

Lyme disease

What are skin lesions caused by migration of spirochetes from site of the bite and can also be called a bulls-eye rash?

Erythema Migrans (EM)

What are the signs and symptoms of stage I Lyme disease?

EM(60-80%patients), Chills, Fever, Headache, Lethargy, Muscle pain/stiffness, Lymphadenopathy, and Joint stiffness

What are the signs and symptoms of stage 2 Lyme disease?

Carditis (abnormal heart rhythms/failure), Abnormal Sensations (nerve damage), Arthritis (knees), Meningitis, Confusion, and Bell’s Palsy

What is a maculopapular rash and what is associated with?

Flat red rash and Ehrlichiosis

What are the signs/symptoms of Stage III Lyme disease?

Chronic encephalopathy, Polyneuropathy, and Leukoencephalitis

What occurs as a result of polyneuropathy?

Radial Pain, Paralysis, Hearing Loss, and Itching

What occurs as result of chronic encephalopathy?

Memory Loss, Mood Changes, and Sleep Disturbances

What is the vector of West Nile Virus?

Mosquito

What are the signs/symptoms with West Nile Virus?

Fever, Headache, Fatigue, Aches (abdomen/back), Sometimes Rash, and Lymphadenopathy

What is the most severe form of tick-borne rickettsial illness in the US?

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

What is the causative agent for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Rickettsia rickettsii

What are the 2 clinical manifestations of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Thrombocytopenia and Hyponatremia

What is the causative agent of Ehrlichiosis?

Tick-borne rickettsiae of genus Ehrlichia

What is the primary vector for Ehrlichiosis?

Lone Star Tick

What are the 4 clinical manifestations of Ehrlichiosis?

Leukopenia, Thrmobocytopenia, Mild Anemia, and Elevation in levels of hepatic aminotransferase enzymes

Define Encephalopathy:

Brain Disease

Inflammation of white matter of brain?

Leukoencephalitis

Define Polyneuropathy:

Disease of nerves

What is the term used to describe a decreased of serum sodium?

Hyponatremia

What is an intracellular bacterial aggregate in a mulberry form that is seen in Ehrilichia-infected cells?

Morular

What are the signs/symptoms of Ehrlichiosis?

Chills, Fever, Headache, Nausea, Diarrhea, Malaise, Flat red rash, and Petechial rash

What is the term used to describe a fine pinhead-sized area of bleeding in the skin?

Petechial Rash

What are the complications that can arise if Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is not treated?

Heart/Kidney/Lung Failure, Shock, Brain Damage, Clotting Problems, Pneumonitis, Meningitis, Thrombocytopenia, and Hyponatremia

What are the signs/symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Chills, Fever, Headache, Nausea, Diarrhea, Vomiting, Loss of Appetite, Excessive Thirst, Confusion, Hallucinations, Muscle Pain, Rash, and Abnormal sensitivity to light

Explain the rash associated with Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever:

Starts a few days after fever; first appears on wrists and ankles as spots, then spreads to most of the body

What is associated with relapsing fever, which has the ability to alter the proteins on its surface causing the “relapsing” characteristic of relapsing fever and is caused by human body louse?

Borrelia recurrentis

What test is used for Ehrlichiosis?

PCR

What are the three important components of the clinical presentation of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Fever, Rash, and Previous Tick Bite

In West Nile testing what antibody is increased 3-4 weeks after infection?

IgG

In West Nile testing what antibody is increased 7-8 days after infection, and can remain elevated for >500 days?

IgM Ab

What is the test used to diagnose West Nile virus?

Preferred method is reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR)

What are the possible tests that are used to diagnose Lyme disease?

ELISA, IFA, Western Blot

What antibody in majority of patients are exhibited 1 month after infection?

IgG

What antibodies Ab titers may persist many years after syphilis infection?

IgG and IgM

In infection what may take 2-4 weeks to develop?

Specific Ab

What happens shortly after the Lyme stage III infection?

NK cells activity reduced, Antibody production, and Phagocytic activation increases

Identify procedures used to diagnose Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever that’s associated with blood:

Platelet and RBC Count, PTT, and PT

Identify other procedures used to diagnose Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever:

Kidney Function Tests, Urinalysis (blood/protein check), Skin Biopsy (from rash), and Antibody titer by complement fixation/immunofluorescence