BASIC MEDICAL IMAGING ANALYSIS AND PROCESSING

Basic Image Processing

Deals with the development of problem specific approaches to enhance the raw medical data for the purpose of selective visualization as well as further analysis

Quality Evaluation

Plays an important role in assessing any new hardware, software, image acquisition techniques, image reconstruction or post-processing algorithms.

Statistical Analysis and Entropy

Statistics of medical imaging fills the gap and provides a theoretical framework for statistical investigation into medical imaging technologies.

Coding and Decoding

Color information in digital images is used for many practical purpose, mainly in security fields and also with gray scale images applications.

Coding and Decoding

This method gives more speed and accuracy in the process of encryption and decryption, where speed is needed for storing a large number of medical images from different scanning departments and these images are characterized by larger sizes than average.

Stable and Unstable Signal Processing

The system is said to be stable only when the output is bounded for bounded input. For a bounded input, if the output is unbounded in the system then it is said to be Unstable.

Bounded input for Bounded Output

full description for BIBO

stable

A __ system satisfies the BIBO.

Bounded input for Bounded Output

means finite in amplitude.

Image Transformation

An image ___ can be applied to an image to convert it from one domain to another.

Image Transformation

Viewing an image in domains such as frequency or hough space enables the identification of features that may not be easily detected in the spatial domain.

Hough Transform, Radon Transform, Discrete Cosine Transform, Discrete Fourier Transform, Wavelet Transform

Common Image Transforms include: (5)

Wavelet Transform

is a mathematical tool for analyzing data where features vary over different scales. It localizes a function both in space and scaling and has some desirable properties compared to the Fourier transform. It focuses on high frequency details while maintaining signal context.

Discrete Fourier Transform

is integral to all modern imaging, and is particularly important in MRI. The signal received at the detector (receiver coils in MRI, piezoelectric disc in ultrasound and detector array in CT) is a complex periodic signal made of a large number of constituent frequencies (i.e., bandwidth).

Discrete Cosine Transform

is an orthogonal transformation method that decomposes an image to its spatial frequency spectrum. (Compressing the file to JPEG OR MP3)

Radon Transform

and its inverse provide the mathematical basis for reconstructing tomographic images from measured projection or scattering data.

Hough Transform

can be used to detect and localize specific features in the image, which can be used for biometric identification.

Pre-Medical Image Processing

not only removes unwanted artifacts from the medical image, but also enhances the required portion.

Post Medical Image Processing

describes the manipulation of radiographic images to derive additional qualitative or quantitative data.

NETWORK

two or more objects (CT) sharing resources and information

NETWORK

computers, terminals, and servers that are interconnected by communication channels sharing data and program resources.

network

Devices other than computers can also be found on a __, such as printers, scanners, and barcode readers. These devices can be shared among a group of computers to save money and space for the users.

LOCAL AREA NETWORK

a __ is close by (GEOGRAPHIC CATEGORIES)

WIDE AREA NETWORK

a __ expands over a distance. (GEOGRAPHIC CATEGORIES)

LOCAL AREA NETWORK, WIDE AREA NETWORK

A network can be classified into two major geographic Categories:

LOCAL AREA NETWORK

Is a small area networked with a series of cables or wireless access points that allow computers to share information and devices on the same network.

LOCAL AREA NETWORK

are the least expensive to install, and they are much faster because of their smaller size.

Wide Area Network

 is a network that spans a large area: city, state, nation, continent, or the world

Wide Area Network

It is used to connect computers that are not physically attached through conventional network cables but are rather connected through other means, such as telephone lines, satellite links, or other types of communication cable.

Wide Area Network

The use of these long distance communication links drives up the operating costs of this type of network because most often these communication links are owned by a separate company, and because of the distance covered, the cost of having the highest speed equipment is expensive

Peer-to-Peer Network, Server-Based Network, Client-Based Network

The network is classified according to what role the computers play in the network's operation and which computer controls the network operation. (3)

Server-Based Network

there is a centralized Computer (the server) that controls the operations, files and sometimes the programs of the computers (the clients) attached to the network. The server provides a location aor centralized storage and retrieval on the network.

Server-Based Network

This allows the users to move from computer to computer and access their files from a central location. When a client requests a file, the server sends the entire file to the client for processing. Once the processing is completed, the client sends the entire changed file back to the server for storage

Server-Based Network

This type of network requires that the server be of high quality and high capacity, although the client computers can be less expensive.

Server-Based Network

There can be multiple servers on this type of network, but there must be one dedicated server that controls the network.

Server-Based Network

An example of this type of network is a radiology work is department using a PACS to read and distribute images throughout the hospital. Computers throughout the hospital are connected to the centralized server that contains all of the images, and the images are sent out to the computers as requested.

Client-Based Network

is similar to a server-based network in that there is a centralized computer that controls the operations of the network; however, rather than sending the entire original resource to the client for processing, the server processes the resource as requested by the client and returns only the results back to the client. This smaller exchange of information lessens the load on the network and allows more room for other requests.

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

is the physical (geometric) layout of the connected devices on a network.

bus, ring, star, and mesh.

four common topology configurations

BUS TOPOLOGY

a network in which all devices are physically attached to and listen for communication on a single wire.

BUS TOPOLOGY

in a true __ network there is a single point of failure the wire. If at some here is a sp break, the entire network is down. (In some circumstances, communication can take place between the computers on either side of the break.)

BUS TOPOLOGY

This type of topology does not need any switches or hubs because the computers simply broadcast all the information down the single wire, and all computers connected to that single wire receive the information,

RING TOPOLOGY

is a network in which the devices are connected in a circle. Each device passes its received messages to the next node on the ring (always in the same direction), and the data transmissions move around the circle until they reach the correct receiver. If there is a break at some point in the ring, the entire network comes to a halt.

TOKEN RING

One type of ring topology is called a __ __.The computers are connected in a circle, and a _ is transmitted around the ring.

star topology

 is a network that has the devices connected to a central hub or switch

star topology

is the most commonly used network topology.

hub

A star topology can be thought of as a bus topology with the bus collapsed into a central box: the ___ or switch.

mesh topology

a network that has multiple pathways interconnecting devices and networks.

mesh topology

This type of network has redundancy built in with the multiple connections

mesh topology

The Internet is based on __ topology, and this topology is used most often to connect networks to other networks.