Test: World War I, the Twenties, and the New Deal

Gunboat Diplomacy

The use of military force to advance foreign policy, particularly associated with Theodore Roosevelt.

Dollar Diplomacy

A policy practiced by Taft, fostering American investments in less developed nations and using military force to protect them.

Missionary Diplomacy

Woodrow Wilson’s belief that God chose him to spread democracy and peace, framing U.S. intervention as a moral obligation.

Tampico Incident

A 1914 event where U.S. sailors were arrested in Mexico, leading to military intervention by President Wilson.

Secret Defensive Alliances

Entangling alliances formed between nations prior to WWI, leading to increased global tensions.

The Black Hand

A secret Serbian society responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, triggering WWI.

Technology of War

New military technologies, including tanks and chemical weapons, that favored defensive strategies and led to stalemates.

Eastern/Western Fronts

The two main theatres of WWI; the Eastern Front involved Germany and Russia while the Western Front involved Germany and France.

Trench Warfare

A type of combat where both sides fight from deep trenches, leading to high casualties and stalemates.

Bolshevik Revolution

The 1917 revolution in Russia that resulted in the establishment of a communist government.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship sunk by German submarines, influencing U.S. public opinion against Germany.

Sussex Pledge

Germany's promise to restrict submarine warfare following U.S. pressure to protect civilian lives.

Zimmermann Telegram

A secret diplomatic communication from Germany to Mexico proposing a military alliance against the U.S.

CPI (Creel Committee)

The committee on Public Information that promoted pro-war propaganda and dehumanized the enemy.

War Industries Board

An agency created to coordinate the production of war materials and prevent labor strikes during WWI.

Espionage Act

A law that prohibited interference in military operations and support for enemies during WWI.

Schenck v. U.S.

A Supreme Court case that limited free speech during wartime, ruling that certain expressions posed a 'clear and present danger.'

Great Migration

The movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities during the early 20th century.

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace following WWI, emphasizing self-determination and the establishment of the League of Nations.

League of Nations

An international organization founded after WWI aimed at promoting peace, which the U.S. ultimately did not join.

Reparations

Payments demanded from Germany after WWI, causing economic hardship and discontent in Germany.

Self-Determination

The principle that nations have the right to determine their own political status, leading to new nations post-WWI.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended WWI, placing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany.

Article X

Part of the League of Nations covenant that committed members to defend each other, causing U.S. Senate opposition.

Irreconcilables

Senators who opposed the Treaty of Versailles under any circumstances.

Reservationists

Senators who would support the Treaty of Versailles only with amendments, especially regarding Article X.

Red/White Russians

The two factions in the Russian Civil War; the Reds were Bolsheviks and the Whites were anti-Bolsheviks.

Red Scare

A period of intense fear of communism in the U.S. following WWI, marked by suspicion and government crackdown on dissent.

Palmer Raids

Government actions against suspected radicals during the Red Scare, resulting in mass arrests and deportations.

Prohibition

The 18th Amendment banning alcohol, which led to illegal speakeasies and organized crime.

Consumer Culture

The economic boom of the 1920s that encouraged spending on new technologies and goods.

Jazz Age

A period in the 1920s marked by the popularity of jazz music and dance, symbolizing cultural change.

Modernism

A cultural movement in the 1920s rejecting traditional values in favor of new forms of expression.

Fundamentalism

A strict adherence to traditional religious beliefs that gained prominence in the 1920s.

Scopes Monkey Trial

A trial in which a teacher was prosecuted for teaching evolution, highlighting the clash between science and religion.

Urban/Rural Conflicts

Cultural tensions in the 1920s between modern urban values and traditional rural values.

The Lost Generation

A term for the disillusioned youth of the post-WWI era, often associated with expatriates in Paris.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural movement centered in Harlem that celebrated African American art, music, and literature.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian immigrants and anarchists executed for murder in a case widely viewed as biased and unfair.

Xenophobia

Intense or irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries, prevalent in the 1920s America.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

A white supremacist group that revived in the 1920s, targeting immigrants, African Americans, and Jews.

Nativism

A political policy favoring the interests of native inhabitants over those of immigrants.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded to advocate for civil rights for African Americans.

National Origins Act of 1924

Legislation that limited immigration based on national quotas, reflecting nativist sentiments.

Trade Associations

Organizations formed by businesses to reduce competition and create codes of fair practice.

Women in the 1920s

Women gained the right to vote but continued to fight for equal rights in various social and political spheres.

Margaret Sanger

A women's rights activist who championed birth control and women's autonomy over their bodies.

NWP (National Women’s Party)

Advocacy group founded to promote women's rights and push for the Equal Rights Amendment.

Youth Culture

A cultural shift in the 1920s where young people emphasized personal experiences and self-expression.

Dust Bowl

A period of severe drought in the 1930s that devastated agriculture in parts of the U.S.

Court Packing Plan

FDR's proposal to increase the number of justices on the Supreme Court to secure favorable rulings for New Deal legislation.

New Deal Coalition

The alliance of diverse groups supporting FDR’s New Deal policies, including labor, minorities, and Southern Democrats.