Test: World War I, the Twenties, and the New Deal

RESOURCES

In addition to your textbook and class notes, you’ll find the following resources very helpful:

CLASS SLIDESHOWS  

Please access and/or download the relevant slideshows for this class.  You can find them attached to the modules in Canvas, but be sure you have access to the following slideshows:  The Great War, Normalcy, and The New Deal. 

CLASS READINGS

Review all of the primary and secondary source materials in your textbook.

CLASS PRESENTATIONS

You are responsible for all class presentations..Recorded presentations of course material can be found on Canva or on YouTube.

NEW DEAL PROGRAMS CHART

You’ll also find the New Deal collaborative worksheet helpful. Students completed this a couple of years ago, but the information is still helpful.

CRASH COURSE VIDEOS

Naturally, John Green makes everything better.  Watch any of the following videos:

Crash Course #30:  Ameri  can in World War I

Crash Course #32:  The Roaring Twenties

Crash Course #33:  The Great Depression

Crash Course 334:  The New Deal

MAJOR VOCABULARY TERMS

Be sure that you can identify the following terms, drawn both from the text and from class lectures and discussions (feel free to add your definitions in the space that follows each term).

WORLD WAR I

Gunboat Diplomacy: the use of military force to advance foreign policy objectively (by TR)

Dollar Diplomacy: practiced by Taft, which US government fostered American investments in less developed nations and then used the US military force to protect investments

Missionary Diplomacy: Wilson’s “Chosen Instrument Theory”; God chose some people to do his will on Earth; he thought that God chose him to deliver the end of days (to end all war → 1000 years of peace)`

Tampico Incident: 1914, 9 US sailors arrested at Tampico, Mexico while trying to buy supplies. Mexican officials quickly released them and apologized, but US commander demanded the Mexicans salute the US flag; when they refused, Woodrow Wilson sends troops ashore and the Mexicans are killed; appeared as another way of hemispheric imperialism

Secret Defensive Alliances: Nations needed to choose sides leading up to WWI; entangling alliances; the enemy of my enemy is my friend

• Great Britain, France, Russia, and Serbia (allies)

• Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire (Italy defensive alliance with Austria/Germany)(central powers)

The Black Hand: Secret Serbian society of the early 20th century, planned the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir of Austria-Hungary) that led to the start of WWI

Technology of War: new weaponry such as machine guns, tanks (not bulletproof or insulated), planes, submarines, and chemical weapons (mustard and chlorine gas)  allowed for more modern warfare. All the new technologies made it very hard to be on the offensive because they favored defense. 

Eastern/Western Fronts: The Eastern Front was between Germany et al and Russia. It resulted in a stalemate with no side getting the upper hand. Western Front: The western front was between Germany et al and France et al and resulted in a stalemate. 

Trench Warfare: warfare fought in trenches that the soldiers slowly dug to camp out in; easily led to stalemates, meaning that fighting the war on two fronts was hard for the Central powers

Bolshevik Revolution: The Second of Russia’s two 1917 revolutions, the February Revolution resulted in the abdication of the Tsar and the establishment of a local government. The October Revolution led to the establishment of Bolshevik control and civil war. Bolshevik Red Russians vs. White Russians; some American troops were sent to Russia to help the White Russians even after the Great War had ended

Lusitania: A British Passenger ship that was sunk by the Germans during submarine warfare; it had carried many US civilians and led to the Sussex Pledge. Also led to many calls to war to avenge the people on the Lusitania

Sussex Pledge: ​​US reaction to Sussex getting attacked; Germany has to stop Unrestricted Submarine Warfare, or the US would join the war; Germans go back to RSW

Restricted and Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: Argument of whether there should be restrictions on submarine warfare or not. Ex: attacking civilians instead of warships. When the Lusitania was sunk by Germany and carried many U.S. civilians, the United States was mad. As a result, the Sussex Pledge was created. 

Zimmermann Telegram: The secret telegram sent from Germany to Mexico asking them to start fighting the US. This was intercepted and passed on to the US and convinced the US to join the war

CPI (Creel Committee): The committee on Public Information was led by George Creel; they dehumanized the enemy and built up war support. This led to the renaming of German food/objects, and they made the film The Story of Cavell. The film centered around a nurse who was executed by the Germans for alleged espionage. 

War Industries Board: Created to get more materials ready for the war efforts. This came from the need for factories to make war materials. The board would decide the price of materials (in order to prevent price gauging) and prevent there from being any labor strikes during the war. 

Espionage Act: prohibited interference in military operations and draft, support for enemies, and promoting insubordination

Eugene Debs: Led the Pullman Strike, labor union organizer, prominent socialist during the Progressive Era

Schenck v. U.S.: A court case caused by Schenck telling people not to go if they were drafted and to tear up their enlistment cards. He was arrested and tried to defend himself by saying he was using his 1st Amendment right, but the court ruled that during wartime, citizens have fewer liberties. 

Fire in a Crowded Theater: People will panic and do something crazy, and many may die. This was used during Schenck v. U.S. 

Clear and Present Danger: a clear danger to safety and security. This idea was used in the ruling of Schenck v. U.S. 

Great Migration: Black migration from southern states to Northern states because of Jim Crow laws and sharecropping debt in the south, and job opportunities and hope of better treatment in the North (1914s-1970s)

Fourteen Points: It was Woodrow Wilson’s plan  to end all wars forever that had three parts: Freedom of Seas (free and equal trade), Self-determination (every nationality has a homeland of their own), and creating the League of Nations (world government to settle disputes peacefully)

League of Nations: Nations in the League would work together to protect the territorial integrity of the nations; Article X of the League declared that nations must come to the aid of any member nation under attack; countries were morally, but not legally bound to abide by League rulings; Wilson’s plan, but US would not become a member

Reparations: The war was blamed on Germany, and they had to pay $33 million in reparations. This caused massive debt and economic ruin in Germany and economic problems throughout Europe and contributed to the Great Depression.

Self-Determination: each nationality has a homeland of their own. It separated Austria and Hungary and created Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland, and the Baltic States

Treaty of Versailles: each country involved in the war sends one delegate to negotiate the treaty; Europeans wanted to punish Germany and make them take 100% of the blame while paying high reparations; US (Wilson) saw himself as the chosen instrument of God and wanted to bring 1000 years of peace: no blame, no reparations as he feared that this would drag the world down to a great depression; Wilson’s plan of the fourteen points

Article X: Article X in the League charter states that nations must come to the aid of any nation member under attack. It was also the reason that the US didn’t join

Irreconcilable: The Group of Senators who refused to support the Treaty of Versailles, especially the League of Nations, regardless of any amendments.  They refused to join because  they were only loyal to the US and their own interests.

Reservationists: A group of senators, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, who were willing to support the Treaty of Versailles only with modifications, particularly regarding Article X. They didn’t want the US to be involved in wars that don't affect them.

Red/White Russians: two opposing sides in the Russian Civil War; the Red Russians (Bolsheviks/Communists) fought against the White Russians (anti-communists, monarchists, and moderate socialists).

Invasion of Russia - Some allied troops attacked Russia after the war ended.

Red Scare: A period of intense fear of communism in the U.S. after WWI, leading to suspicion, arrests, and deportations of suspected radicals.

Palmer Raids: Raids to many anarchist organizations, foreigners’ organizations, and communist groups; when nothing special came from these raids, Palmer said that they were planning an uprising on May Day 1920 (aka the May Day Treat); Red Scare dies down once nothing happens on this date

POST WAR AMERICA

Great Migration: Black migration from southern states to Northern states because of Jim Crow laws and sharecropping debt in the south, and job opportunities and hope of better treatment in the North (1914s-1970s)

Marcus Garvey: Black Knight with “Back to Africa” motto saying white American culture would never accept African Americans in general. Declared himself provisional president of Africa and advocated for all black people to move back to Africa and reclaim their power through a pan-African movement. 

Consumer Culture: Economic prosperity post-war, with the boom of the roaring 20s encouraged greater spending on various technologies. The great production and overproduction as the US moved into Rostow’s Stage 5 of economic development: High Mass Consumption encouraged a new vigor in buying newly created appliances like radios, cars, and visiting films. 

Jazz Age: Jazz rose during the 20s due to the Harlem Renaissance of an Afro-European mixture of African tradition in music and blues and European instrumentation. A glorious musical style with no rivals to its excellence. Led by Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, and so many other greats who often performed at jazz clubs and speakeasies (with flappers). Was a great tension between tradition and modernity (see I love to singa), but it brought new zeal to music. 

Modernism: rejection of tradition in the 20s post war, moving away from traditional ideologies and even clothing. Searched for new expression of personality through hair, clothing, and overt expression of sexuality. Challenged traditional values with the Harlem Renaissance, reactions to prohibition, and more. 

Mitchell Palmer: U.S. Attorney General known for leading the Palmer Raids during the Red Scare, targeting suspected communists, anarchists, and radicals.

Red Scare: A period of intense fear of communism in the U.S. after WWI, leading to suspicion, arrests, and deportations of suspected radicals.

May Day Threat: supposed plot by anarchists to overthrow the U.S. government on May 1, 1920, which fueled public paranoia but ultimately did not happen

Sacco and Vanzetti: The court case where two Italian immigrants were accused of murdering the guard and paymaster at a shoe company during a robbery. Both were members of various anarchist movements, so no matter the result this accusation added to growing Xenophobia against Italian immigrants and their threat to the working class. They were executed despite faulty evidence and the money never being found.. 

Xenophobia: Bias and overall prejudice against immigrants and generally non-white, non-protestant, and non-western European people in America. Led to the National Origins Acts of 1924, which decreased the influx of ‘undesired’ immigrants to America based on a percentage of a previous census. It was worsened by the Sacco & Vanzetti Case, the Red Scare ideology that all Eastern Europeans are anarchist communists, and previous assassinations of presidents by Eastern Europeans (McKinley)

Ku Klux Klan: Revival after Civil Rights Activism in Progressive Era and Great Migration. The Birth of a Nation documentary idealizing the KKK helped improve the general perception of the KKK, leading to increased membership (especially after increased immigration from Jewish and Catholic foreigners). Membership increased by 4-5 million and led an organized protest and march at the Capitol. Led motto “America for Americans” 

Nativism: political ideology for protecting the rights of people “native” to America (noninclusive of Native Americans), specifically Protestant and Western European people. Supported xenophobic political policies like the National Origins Act and embraced the idea that the “Anglo-Saxon race is superior” (as coined by progressive presidents before this time). 

NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People: established by W.E.B Du Bois to advocate for African American rights (est. 1909). Wanted full civil rights through protest and advocacy and didn’t want Booker T Washington’s accommodationist/compromise approach to civil liberties. Believed that African Americans shouldn’t have to wait to be recognized rights but should directly fight for them. 

National Origins Act of 1924: It was inspired by xenophobia in the age, based quota of immigration on the census of 1890. Biased to reduce Eastern European, non-protestant, non-white, Asian, etc. immigration to the US because of increased complaints of such immigrants stealing “American” jobs and the rise of anarchist and communist ideologies. 

Trade Associations: A way that big businesses got around antitrust legislation. Created codes of fair competition and encouraged collaboration between companies to decrease competition (so no businesses went under). Encouraged by FDR with the NRA as a code of business and ethics for companies to help boost the economy (later on). 

Women in the 1920s: voted for ‘hottie’ Harding? With the 19th amendment, women could vote in the 1920s election, thanks to Harry Burn’s mommy. Women argued for equal social and political rights because they were still treated as lesser in society and wanted greater power in the public sphere with equal pay. They wanted divorce rights instead of having permission for divorce from their spouse. They wanted birth control rights because they would not be truly free and equal until they have bodily autonomy. They also wanted equal wages as their jobs were always seen as necessary or temporary in their movement into the public sphere. 

Margaret Sanger: advocate for women’s rights, especially the right to bodily autonomy and birth control! Spread knowledge to poor areas and women and opened a birth control clinic (promptly shut down and thrown into jail). She also wrote a feminist newspaper to spread knowledge. Problematic, though, because she only talked about white women and called for the sterilization of mentally or physically disabled women to not have children. 

NWP National Women’s Party: Advocates for not only political equality but social equality of women. Advocated for Alice Paul’s Equal Rights Amendment: “equality shall not be abridged in the states or federally on account of sex.” Tried to ensure that men and women couldn’t be treated differently in the workplace or in general society. Initially founded by Queen Alice Paul as part of NAWSA. 

Youth Culture: YOLO! After the great deaths and traumas of WW1, people, especially younger generations adopted the idea that they may die at any time, so why not live now! Started caring about young people’s personal experiences due to their trauma from the war. Led to greater experimentation in clothing and expression of sexuality. “Wars may kill us all tomorrow, so live fully now!”

Prohibition and Crime: The 18th Amendment in 1919 prohibited the sale of and distilling of alcohol under the assumption and encouragement that prohibition would decrease crime, abuse, and alcoholism (it also targeted Eastern Europeans). Led to increased underground activities without a tax on the sale and distilling of alcohol, which overall hurt the government from the lack of income. Led to the creation of speakeasies where organized crime acquired the alcohol (or created moonshine), leading to increased crime rates and murder. 

1920s CULTURE

Stage 5: High Mass Consumption: Walt Whitman Rostow’s stage of economic development. Because of the US’s general non-involvement in the Great War, they were not as harmed economically or in numbers as many European nations. The US increased mass production during the war for supplies to send to the Allies, which, post war, led to a boom in consumerism at this record pace of production. This led the US to be the first country to hit Stage 5, but led to a great depression due to overproduction and the crash of 1929 (due to German defaults to US loans). 

Taylorism: efficient production methodology with scientific management to optimize production. Evaluated every step in the manufacturing process and often gave people repetitive and menial processes to make the production quicker and easier. 

Assembly Line: created by Henry Ford in 1913 in the production of the car as a form of scientific management to increase production efficiency. Ensured that the production was repetitive and cheap, so the common man could afford the Model T as a common form of transport. 

Radio: first mass form of communication accessible to all. This knit the country together with news and channels about sports, politics, and advertisements aimed at women at home. People could now hear the news immediately instead of after a while, which led to FDR using this in his fireside chats as greater involvement of the public and the perception of the president as an honest and common man to talk with. 

Movies: A new culture for movie watching arose at this time, starting with popup booths for Nickelodeon’s [the one with the elephant being electrocuted to death :( ] where films were cheap and accessible. Placed pictures in close succession after Thomas Edison’s invention and improved over time to have long silent films and talkies. 

The Jazz Singer: One of the first talkies that became popular with a video track in 1927. The main character wanted to become popular in jazz singing. Became popular by putting on blackface and singing jazz (very problematic but seen as interesting in the times). 

Birth of a Nation: glorified the KKK and their practices as one of the first films that became widely popular and sprung the culture for watching over 1 hr movies in theaters (even duringthe  depression). Vocalized the idea that women and their chastity must be protected from black men and promoted the “master race” theory. It showed how the KKK and their ideas were mainstream.

Automobiles: They we claimed as the transport for the middle class, which became widely accessible because of Henry Ford’s assembly line and increased efficiency in production. The Model T was sported by many middle-class individuals because of such processes and scientific management. 

Henry Ford: CEO of Ford Automobile Company, which started the assembly line process as a form of scientific management to make the process more efficient and cheap for the public. He sought to make the automobile accessible to the middle class as the most common form of transportation with his Model T. 

Airplanes: first created by the Wright brothers in 1902 in Kitty Hawk, NC. This led to great promise in air warfare in future wars but also provided the promise of luxury transportation for the rich. Often, these planes were incredibly slow (slower than trains) because they had to make many stops, but they were considered symbols of immense wealth. 

1920s Fashion: Women’s hemlines went upward, which is a common signal of an economic boom (as opposed to maxi skirts representing a recession). These higher hemlines were seen as scandalous, especially in the context of modernity and the rise of flapper culture. Because many speakeasies arose, women wanted to dance, but maxi skirts were very hard to dance in, so the hemline had to rise above the knee. Makeup also increased during the time due to the increased representation of sexuality and experimentation with appearance postwar. Hair also got shorter in this time as a representation of new radical ideologies and rejection of traditional standards. 

Flappers: wore their hair short, with fashionable fringe, and scandalous hemlines above their knees. In the 20s, they often appeared at clubs and speakeasies, which challenged social perceptions of women as pure. They were seen as rebellious women who expressed their sexuality in clothing, makeup, and dance. 

Professional Sports: The postwar economic boom and rise of the middle class led to more leisure time for the common man. This led to increased viewership and an increase in professional sports. 

Fundamentalism: A conservative religious movement that had a strict following of the Bible. Followers emphasized the historical accuracy of the bible. 

Scopes Monkey Trial: The Scopes Monkey Trial occurred in Tennessee where a high school teacher, John T. Scopes, was accused of breaking the Butler Act, a law in Tennessee prohibiting the teaching of anything that did not agree with the divine creation of man from the Bible, and teaching the Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. He was found guilty and had to pay a fine of $100. 

Urban/Rural Conflicts: Social and cultural tensions in the 1920s as urban areas embraced modernity, consumerism, and progressive values, while rural areas resisted change and upheld traditional ways of life.

The Lost Generation: The generation of young men killed in the Great War led to the great depletion of one generation. Because many died, it led to a pessimistic view of the future and YOLO mentality. Young men who survived the war became lost due to their trauma from the war. They lost their innocence, motivation, and illusions.

Jacob Lawrence: A Harlem Renaissance painter known for his "Migration Series," which depicted the struggles and experiences of African Americans moving from the South to the North.

Georgia O’Keeffe: An American artist known for her modernist paintings of enlarged flowers, skyscrapers, and southwestern landscapes.

Max Weber: sociologist whose work influenced American intellectual thought; though not directly tied to the 1920s cultural scene, his theories on bureaucracy and capitalism were widely studied.

Expatriates: Americans who lived abroad, particularly in Paris, during the 1920s, seeking artistic freedom and rejecting the perceived shallowness of American materialism. Like Gertrude Stein.

F. Scott Fitzgerald: Wrote The Great Gatsby and This Side of Paradise. He was a member of the Lost Generation and his novels reflected emotions and attitudes from the times.

Ernest Hemingway: Wrote A Farewell to Arms and The Sun Also Rises. Focused on war and loss. Wrote a very simplistic format with only dialogue and action. 

Harlem Renaissance: Known as the “new negro movement” expressed African American heritage and self-expression.  Had many famous artists, authors, and musicians. Helped cause tension between tradition and modernity. 

Zora Neale Hurston: Wrote Their Eyes Were Watching God. She was a famous female Black writer and anthropologist. She was born in and grew up in Eatonville, an all black community in Florida, but travelled to New York for education and eventually Harlem to write.

Langston Hughes: Famous black poet and author. A famous work inclde The Negro Speaks of River. Known as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance. 

Jazz: genre of music that emerged from African American communities in the early 20th century, characterized by improvisation, syncopation, and new rhythmic styles; it became the defining sound of the 1920s.

1920s POLITICS

Schlesinger’s Scale of Presidential Greatness: A ranking system for U.S. presidents developed by historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., based on evaluations from historians and political scientists regarding leadership, effectiveness, and impact.

Harding: The 29th president of the United States (1921-1923), known for his call for a return to “normalcy” after WWI and his administration’s corruption scandals, including the Teapot Dome Scandal.

The Man: not very smart, can’t spell, morality is suspicious because he had many affairs, including Nan Britton (he paid her to move to Europe during his presidency to hide the child, but she published a book after his death) 

The Times: needed a strong president post-war, but he wasn’t one 

Surrounding People: Ohio Gang, a great corrupt group exploiting the presidential powers. Veterans Bureau Scandal Charles Forbes takes cut out of hospital’s payments; Return of German Assets Daugherty attorney general pockets the rest of assets; Teapot Dome (see below)

Warren G. Harding: was seen as a “normal” president after the strong presidents of the Progressive era. He was not very smart and didn’t do much in the presidency, but the idea of normalcy appealed to the American people after the trauma of WW1. Campaigned with the idea of Americanism, but didn’t know what that was. Not the smartest guy in the room. 

Normalcy: Harding’s campaign slogan (even though he didn’t know what the word meant) after the great use and expansion of presidential powers under the Progressive presidents and Woodrow Wilson. This was the period of republican presidents that didn’t do much for the people. Held laissez-faire economic policy with little economic regulation, increase of trade associations, and great corruption within the executive office and cabinet. Downplayed the crisis of the Great Depression and led to the hard switch to Democratic presidents with great use of presidential powers. 

Ohio Gang: The corrupt group of Harding’s friends and political appointments that caused immense scandal during his presidency with the Teapot Dome Scandal, return of German Assets, and Veterans Bureau Scandal. Many of them also drank during the presidency openly (as admitted by the org. crime) despite prohibition.

Washington Naval Conference: conference advocating for diplomacy over war. The US was so deluded to believe that an agreement with the other great powers to establish the Open Door Policy with France, GB, Jap, Por, Bel, Italy, and Ned would stop future aggressions. Also signed 5 power treaty to keep naval powers at the same ratio of 5(US):5(UK):3(Jap):1.75(FR):1.75(IT)

Nine Power Treaty: It was an international agreement signed at the Washington Conference of 1921-1922. The U.S., Great Britain, Japan, China, Portugal, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and Italy were involved and it affirmed China’s sovereignty and independence. It established China's open door policy. 

Five Power Treaty: Known as the Five Power Naval Limitation Treaty was created and signed at the Washington Conference and was signed by Japan, the U.S, Great Britain, France, and Italy. This treaty established the ratio of naval ships between the countries. Great Britain and the U.S had 5 each, Japan had 3, while France and Italy had 1.75. 

Teapot Dome Scandal: This was a political scandal in the early 1920s that centered around Albert Bacon Fall, the secretary of the Interior. Fall leased the land to oil companies for money. This happened during Harding’s presidency, tarnishing his reputation. 

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1927): Agreement initially between the US and France to never go to war. Other countries admittedly joined the plan, which made the pact weaker and weaker over time with 60+ countries joining the plan. Each country would have to agree to use their military and political powers to stop any potential conflicts between other countries, but no one would risk the loss of material. Overall a weak Plan. 

Dawes Plan: restructured loan payment plan for Germans because they defaulted on loans to GB and France. The German economy was crippled and was suffering from massive hyperinflation, so the US granted them more loans and restructured their central bank to help them pay off GB and France. Led to a cycle of debt. 

Elections of 1924 and 1928: After Harding died in 1923, Coolidge took the position as president which returned to laissez-faire policy with little regulation. His policies and the public interest in having normalcy led to his victory in the 1924 election. In the 1928 election, Hoover won, leading us down an economic spiral. These republicans generally won because of the economic boom at this time (economic stability IS linked to political stability). Thus, once the economy takes a downturn, the leading party switches to a democratic approach. Democrats were split between Urban and Rural, pro and anti-Klan leaders in both elections. 

Herbert Hoover: President from 1928-32 who downplayed the issues of the Great Depression and stupidly tried to cut spending and increase tariffs. This led to a worse depression because of retaliatory tariffs and destruction of the balance of money. However, he implemented the Reconstruction Finance Corps. as the first welfare/relief program during the depression, but it was far too little and far too late. Because of his actions, in the 1932 election he lost to FDR. 

GREAT DEPRESSION: the period of economic, political, and social turmoil caused by bank failures, crop failures, and the stock market crash. The German government defaulted on its loans, which led to a banking crash and then a stock market crash. People were suddenly out of work and lost their homes due to foreclosures. This led to Hoovervilles popping up due to a lack of beneficial administration under Hoover. Economic and political stability are linked, which is why the strong democratic presidency of FDR replaced Hoover in dealing with the Depression. The New Deal used deficit spending to address the systematic problems that caused the depression. However, employment only went back to normal during WW2. 

Stock Market Crash: bought on margin by paying a fraction of the investment and borrowing the rest from the bank. This artificially inflated stocks as long as the prices kept going up. However, when the Germans defaulted on their loans, the banks crashed, and so they called in their loans from the investors, causing a stock market crash in September-October of 1929 and the Great Depression. 

Causes of the Great Depression: There were three main sectors that contributed to the cause of the Great Depression. 

1. Farming: Many crop failures, over-cultivation, soil deprivation, and foreclosures 

2. Banking: Loan defaults, Unpaid loans from Germany and  farmers, and the stocks

3. Stocks: the stock market crash of 1929, overvalued stocks, and buying on margin

Hawley-Smoot Tariff: stupid decision by the Hoover administration to address the depression. Attempted to raise money by taxing imports to help US businesses, but this just led to retaliatory tariffs and decreased international trade overall, worsening the economy. 

Reconstruction Finance Corp.: gave low-interest loans to businesses to recover from depression, but this form of relief was not applied to many businesses and was far too late to help. Administered by Hoover. 

Bonus Army: veteran’s coalition that went to the White house to demand for their bonuses from WW1 in 1932. Hoover said no, but the army and their families camped out within sight of the capitol. Hoover realized it would be a bad look for the government to have homeless people camping out, so he sent a military battalion out to get them to leave peacefully. The leader of the battalion didn’t care for that, though, and had a violent confrontation with the bonus army, injuring multiple people. 

Election of 1932: Hoover relied on state governments, cutting spending, and increasing tariffs, while FDR went the opposite way with federal spending, economic control, and liberal use of power. The US chose hope instead of fear because FDR represented hope. Because the economy kept spiraling under Hoover, waiting for FDR’s inauguration, created the 20th amendment to move the date up. 

FDR’s Inaugural Address: The only thing to fear is fear itself. He brought new hope to the US during the depression and brought a mindset of confidence, perseverance, and honesty to the US. 

System Thinking: idea adopted by FDR to fix not only the surface issues but the whole root of the problem. Used the 3 R’s to address this

The Three Rs: Relief, Recovery, and Reform. To fix the whole system that led the US into the depression and rehabilitate the economy. This was addressed by FDR’s New Deal programs especially for the 3 sectors that failed (banking, stocks, and farming). The big three that addressed all 3 R’s for those industries are AAA (farming), FDIC (banking), and Security and Exchange Commission (stocks and bonds). 

Twentieth Amendment: Known as the Lame Duck Amendment. It was created to move the beginning and end of the presidential and VP terms from March 4 to January 20. It also changed the dates for members of Congress to January 3. 

Twenty-First Amendment: Repealed the 18th Amendment because of the great underground activity, lack of following amendment, and necessity of tax revenue from alcohol during the depression. We brought back the RED SOLO CUP!!!!!

Fireside Chats: one of FDR’s uses of public polling (other is system thinking) to gather public support. He used the radio system to inform the country on what the government does for the people. Made people believe he was honest, and they had reason to hope. He was nicknamed the great communicator for being in touch with the people constantly through radio.

Hundred Days: the implementation of the 1st New Deal under FDR once he was inaugurated. Started with the Bank Holiday and Gold Exports and went to the AAA, NRA, SEC, CCC, PWA, WPA, TVA, FDIC, Glass-Steagall Act, FERA, and CWA. 

Bank Holiday: The first act by FDR after his inauguration to close all banks, so that none could fail. He didn’t want people to take their money out of the banks and make them fail. Encouraged people not to withdraw their money from the banks and ensured that the government would protect their money with insurance. 

Gold Exports: FDR outlawed gold exports from the US to international banks so that the US would not lose more economic power and flow of money. 

Glass-Steagall Act: insured bank deposits with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation as a government corporation. The government would reimburse customers if the bank goes under (within $250k in checking account). This was the 3 R's for banks!!!!

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA): A federal program established by FDR. Its main purpose was to provide relief to Americans who were struggling in the Great Depression. It offered financial aid to families and individuals in need. It was part of the New Deal. 

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA):  This program was established by FDR in the New Deal. It was created to raise prices on crops and gave farmers subsidies for limiting the production of crops. 

National Recovery Administration (NRA): The NRA was established by FDR under the New Deal. NRA was created to help businesses recover by making fair practice codes. It helped eliminate unfair trade practices, established a minimum wage and maximum work hours. NRA developed 557 basic codes and 208 supplementary codes. 

Civil Works Administration (CWA):  The CWA was established by FDR under the New Deal. It aimed to employ many people as  fast as possible. It used $400 million from the Public Works Administration's budget. It was led by Harry L. Hopkins. 

Public Works Administration (PWA): It was created by FDR under the New Deal and tried to reduce the unemployment numbers and boost the purchasing power by investing in large public works projects. PWA helped with building courthouses, public health facilities, new roads, bridges, subways, and more. 

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): FDR’s Tree Army The CCC was created by FDR through the New Deal. It provided conservation jobs to unemployed young men. Focused on projects like planting trees, preventing/fighting forest fires, maintaining trails and more. 

Works Progress Administration (WPA): The WPA was created by FDR and the New Deal. WPA strived to provide jobs for the unemployed. The largest program employing over 8 million people.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC):  Created by Congress to restore the stock market by enforcing securities laws. Set standards and regulations on the stock market and offered oversight on stock and bond exchanges. To avoid another major crash. 

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): Created because of the Glass-Steagall Act which addressed all 3 R’s which insured bank deposits up to $250k in the checking account through the government. If the bank fails, the government reimburses people. 

Rural Electrification Administration (REA): during second New Deal to provide electricity and access to goods like radios and fridges to poor people who were previously devalued by corporations as they often served rich people first. 

National Labor Relations Board (NLRB): Created from the Wagner Act in the Second New Deal where it ensured collective bargaining and no interference with union recruiting by companies. This sided with the unions and led to increased union support of FDR. 

Social Security Administration (SSA): established during the Second New Deal after Francis Townshend’s criticisms of FDR. Townshend’s idea was the revolving old age pension system which would open up the job market by decreasing the number of old people working. Led to increased Townshend Clubs in support, which led to the creation of Social Security. Took payroll tax on employers to provide pension to people 60+. 

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA): make work program: structural change which solved how to control floods on the TN river and generated cheap electric power through hydroelectric dams. Brought electricity to rural areas and created recreational areas around lakes they created. 

Home Ownership Loan Corporation (HOLC): refinanced home loans to prevent foreclosure and loss of homes. Gave mortgage lenders additional capital and refinanced problematic loans due to the crash of the housing system due to the Great Depression. End of 1935 20% of mortgage is lent out. Amortized mortgages by replacing existing mortgages and paying off over time in equal installments for a longer period of time. Also extremely racist because it prevented Black families from getting homes and loans, increasing the wealth gap.

Wagner Act: Created NLRB (see above for further details)

Schecter v. U.S. “Sick Chicken Case”: The executive branch administration (NRA) set the regulations for poultry, but it was Congress’s right to regulate interstate commerce, so the National Recovery Administration was ruled unconstitutional. This was because of the great presence of conservative Republicans in the Supreme Court and led to FDR trying the court-packing idea. 

U.S. v. Butler: on whether or not the AAA could use the taxing power to limit the production of crops (to create scarcity and drive up prices in agricultural districts), which was ruled unconstitutional and shut down AAA. This was because of the great presence of conservative Republicans in the Supreme Court and led to FDR trying the court-packing idea. 

Second New Deal: The second term of FDR where he continued his legislative practices and deficit spending. Created new administrations such as Social Security, the Wagner Act, and Rural Electrification Administration. 

Roosevelt Recession: Roosevelt realized how expensive the CWA was and cut it but it caused the Roosevelt Recession. 1937-38 because government fiscal policy reduced spending, decreasing job opportunities and economic power of the common man (less consumer spending). Also because of monetary policy by increasing reserve requirements in banks, reduces loans and lending and reduces the flow of money overall. Increased unemployment. Worsened by the Revenue Act of 1937 by increasing income taxes and business taxes to reduce the deficit spending. 

Keynesian Economics: deficit spending widely adopted by FDR’s New Deal administration. The government would become the employer of last resort in an economic emergency to prevent lack of money flow. 

Indian Reorganization Act (1934): enacted by Congress to give more liberties to Native American reservations. Wanted to increase self-government after their great contributions to the war effort. Took a survey of their living conditions in reservations which led to activism regarding self-government, but encountered complications and complaints at the state and federal level (supreme court). 

Redlining: mortgage services and banks denied loans based on race and or ethnicity (of the person or the neighborhood of interest). Started with the Federal Housing Administration and HOLC  where specifically black people were systematically denied housing and loans. Created maps outlining “red” zones, or zones at risk, which were generally predominantly black of hispanic neighborhoods. They refused or gave loans at a higher rate in these areas due to discrimination on race. 

Anti-Lynching Legislation: NAACP led the movement for the Costigan-Wagner Bill to make lynching a federal crime, but failed to pass due to conservative southerners in Congress. Nothing to make lynching a crime passed during the New Deal, which was a major downfall of the administration along with redlining. 

Dust Bowl: great drought in the midwest which caused the topsoil of farming areas to fly away, killing many crops and harvests. This decrease in harvest and depletion of good soil led in part to the Great Depression with the failure of the agricultural sector. This also led to a great migration out of the dust bowl areas to the far west areas like California. People who left these areas (TX, OK, etc.) were called Okies when they sought a new start in California. 

Court Packing Plan: after the Sick Chicken Case and US v Butler, which both took down New Deal legislation, FDR didn’t want his whole program to go down because of the republican judges in the Supreme Court. The court was mostly filled with appointments from Republican weak government eras where highly conservative ideologies prevailed. This led to the great rejection of New Deal legislation, but FDR wouldn’t stand for that. Decided that the strain of being a judge made judges 70+ need liberal assisting judges that held their own vote (all 70+ were conservative republicans). The increase in court size was highly unconstitutional, but shifted power to the liberals (didn’t happen because of the great backlash from Congress). 1937 Own J. Roberts (rep) started voting in favor of the New Deal and Ann Decanter retired, being replaced by Hugo Black (liberal), which shifted rulings in favor of New Deal. 

“New Deal Coalition”: group of people that supported New Deal legislation generally with Northern liberals, Southern conservatives that always voted democrat, and African American people (despite the federal housing program that denied home ownership to black people and lack of antilynching legislation). 

IMPORTANT PEOPLE TO KNOW

Make sure you can identify the following important figures of the time period. 

Look at sections above most are outlined. Bolded are the ones not outlined above!! Fill them out if you’re free!

Woodrow Wilson- Wilson was the white supremacist president after Taft, believing that God chose him to be the president. He followed the logic that if you then go against the US, you are going against God. After the Great War, during the Treaty of Versailles, he wanted to end ALL wars through the Fourteen Points and encouraged the League of Nations. 

Pancho Villa: A Mexican revolutionary leader who led raids into the U.S., prompting an unsuccessful military expedition led by John Pershing to capture him.

John Pershing: a super strong and important general in WW1, he commanded the American Expeditionary Force in Europe

Archduke Franz Ferdinand: shot by Slovakian anarchist black hand which prompted WW1

William Borah: A U.S. senator and leader of the "Irreconcilables" who strongly opposed the Treaty of Versailles and U.S. entry into the League of Nations.

Henry Cabot Lodge: A powerful Republican senator who led the opposition to the Treaty of Versailles, particularly objecting to Article X of the League of Nations.

A. Mitchell Palmer: The U.S. Attorney General who led the Palmer Raids during the Red Scare, targeting suspected communists and anarchists in the early 1920s.

Sacco and Vanzetti: Two Italian immigrant anarchists convicted of murder in a controversial trial that symbolized nativist fears and the Red Scare; they were executed in 1927.

Henry Ford: An American industrialist who revolutionized the automobile industry with the Model T and assembly line production, making cars more affordable for the masses.

Zora Neale Hurston: A writer and anthropologist associated with the Harlem Renaissance, best known for her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, which explored African American culture and identity.

Langston Hughes: A leading poet and writer of the Harlem Renaissance, known for works like The Negro Speaks of Rivers and Let America Be America Again, which captured the African American experience.

Louis Armstrong: name of the best APUSH class as well as an amazing leader in Jazz with his amazing trumpet work and his raspy vocals. Popularized in Harlem Renaissance. 

Duke Ellington: name of a mediocre APUSH class as well as a leader in the jazz movement in the 20s 

Charles Lindbergh: American aviator that was pro-nazi agenda and received an award from the Nazi regiment. He was in opposition to FDR and glorified the Nazis. 

Marcus Garvey: Leader of “Back to Africa” movement, supported segregation and believed both races could not coexist peacefully due to America’s origins in slavery. Kinda supported the KKK separationist mindset

John Scopes: see scopes trial

Warren G. Harding:

Calvin Coolidge: president because of curse of Tecumseh after Harding’s death in 1923 and president after 1924 election. He was claimed silent from his lack of public speech and thoughtful ideas. He pursues laissez faire policy and encouraged trade associations. 

Harry Daugherty: pocketed german assets in the return of German Assets. Ohio Gang member under Harding

Albert Fall: Teacup Dome Scandal

Andrew Mellon: Secretary of Treasure under Hoover who warned about the depression and promptly withdrew his money from stocks and banks. Warned about stock market crash. 

Nan Britton: Harding’s female friend who got pregnant and was asked during his campaign to move to Europe and not distract him (bribed). Wrote the book the President’s Daughter after he died and publicized his sex scandal. 

Charles E. Hughes: A statesman and Supreme Court Justice who served as Secretary of State under Harding and played a key role in the Washington Naval Conference to reduce military arms.

Herbert Hoover: The 31st President of the U.S. (1929–1933), who struggled to respond effectively to the Great Depression, leading to widespread criticism of his administration.

Franklin Roosevelt: The 32nd President of the U.S. (1933–1945), who led the country through the Great Depression and World War II, implementing the New Deal to provide economic relief and reform.

Huey Long: wanted true income redistribution with “Share out Wealth” program of 100% taxation on people’s money above $5m. Had common man ideology of every man’s a king. With his criticism of FDR, FDR adopted some of the policy with Wealth Tax Act: 75% tax on income over $5m 

Father Charles Coughlin: critic of FDR who called for remonetizing Ag, more gold purchases, and more government control. Criticized FDR from fascist right wing, was a fascist, and claimed that Jewish people were the problem. Petitioned for people to vote against FDR in 1936 election but FDR prevailed go king!

Frances Perkins: 4th secretary of labor 1933-45 and first woman to serve in the presidential cabinet. Helped develop Social Security. 

Eleanor Roosevelt: first lady that was the most involved and most loved. She found out about FDR’s affair early on in his presidency and used their political marraige to help minorities and people in hard conditions. 

Francis Townshend: See (SSA) for information relating to social security for the elderly

QUESTIONS YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO ANSWER

Be sure that you can identify the following terms, drawn both from the text and from class lectures. Even though you won’t have to write any DBQs or LEQs for this test, answering these questions will demonstrate that you have truly mastered the material.  So you would be wise to write short outlines of responses to each of these questions.  

1.  Describe the outbreak of the Great War and the distinctive nature of the fighting on the Western Front, and explain why the United States entered the conflict.

2.  Explain how the Wilson administration mobilized the homefront, and analyze how mobilization efforts shaped American society.

3.  Describe the major events of the war after U.S. entry, and explain the U.S. contribution to the defeat of the Central Powers.

4.  Evaluate Woodrow Wilson’s efforts to promote his plans for a peaceful world order as outlined in his Fourteen Points.

5.  Analyze the consequences of the war at home and abroad.

6.  Assess the impact of the consumer culture that emerged in America during the 1920s, and explain the factors that contributed to its growth.

7.  Describe other major new social and cultural trends and movements that became prominent during the twenties, and explain how they challenged traditional standards and customs.

8.  Explain what “modernism” means in intellectual and artistic terms and how the modernist movement influenced American culture in the early twentieth century.

9.  Identify important examples of reactionary conservatism in the decade, and analyze their impact on governmental policies.

10.  Trace the Republican Party’s dominance of the federal government during the twenties and analyze the extent to which its policies were a rejection of progressivism.

11.  Along what lines did American find themselves divided in the 1920s?  How were these conflicts expressed in politics?  In culture and intellectual life?

12.  What factors contributed to the economic boom of the 1920s and the crash that followed?

13. Describe the impact of the Great Depression on the lives of the American people.

14.  Explain the response of the Hoover administration to the Great Depression.

15.  Assess the goals and accomplishments of the New Deal.

16.  Analyze the major criticisms of the New Deal and how FDR responded to them.

17.  Evaluate the ways that the New Deal evolved and how it transformed the role of the federal government.

18.  Some historians have seen the New Deal as a natural evolution of progressive reforms from earlier in the century.  Others have argued that it represented a revolution in social values and governmental institutions.  Which view is more accurate?  What evidence can you provide to support each side of the argument?

19.  How did the lives of women, workers, and racial and ethnic minority groups change during the Great Depression?  What role did the New Deal play in helping these groups of Americans?

EVEN MORE ESSAY QUESTIONS

Here is a short list of questions that you might wish to consult as you review for your test.  Although this test will be entirely multiple-choice, you might find that it helps you to organize your thoughts by responding to these questions.

1.  Explain how the United States grew into a regional power in the years before 1914.

2.  Why did war break out in Europe?  Why did it devolve into a stalemate on both fronts?

3.  Why did the United States not enter the war in 1914?  What changed by 1917?

4.  To what extent could it be said that the First World War established a post-war order that made the Second World War inevitable?

5.  Assess the relative strengths and weaknesses of the Treaty of Versailles.

6.  Outline the competing beliefs about the Treaty of Versailles between Wilson, the Reservationists, and the Irreconcilables.

7.  To what extent could it be said the failure to ratify the treaty was a result of opposition forces, not the stubbornness and ineptitude of Wilson?

8.  To what extent were the major social issues and conflicts of the Twenties uniquely modern or merely continuations of earlier issues and conflicts?

9.  To what extent did writers and artists of the Twenties reflect and challenge the values of the age?

10.  To what extent was the political, economic, and diplomatic situation in the 1920s a return to pre-Progressive-Era policies?

11.  Republican Presidents in the 1920s were often labeled “do-nothing” leaders.  To what extent is this a valid characterization of Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover? 

12.  Explain the root causes of the Great Depression and the initial attempts of the federal government to mitigate its effects.