APUSH Unit 7 Terms

Red Scare

widespread fear of comunism

General A. Mitchell Palmer

-led raids

-arrested abt 6k suspected communists, often w/o proper evidence

Red Scare also used to….

-used as a justification to weaken labor unions or unions in general and suppress workers’ rights.

Trial of Nicola Sacco and Bertolomeo Vanzetti

-two Italian immigrants, who were atheists and anarchists, were convicted of murder despite questionable evidence.

-Many believed the judge and jury were biased, and although liberals around the world protested, their efforts failed and the men were executed.

-(Historians now think that they actually committed the crime, but people before thought that they are being prosecuted for being liberal and atheist and anarchists.)

Reemergence of the KKK(what are their beliefs nd where did most live)

-pretty much anti-foreignism or don’t like any new comers

-anti gambling, birth control, adulty, drinking, bootlegging

-disliked any cultural diversity

-most lived inthe South

Downfall of KKK

• widespread corruption and fraud within its leadership

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

-limited immigration to 3 percent of each nationality already living in the U.S. in 1910, favoring western Europeans.

Immigration Act of 1924

-reduced quotas for immigration further to 2 percent following the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and based them on the 1890 census, drastically limiting southeastern European immigration

-also essentially blocking Japanese people in because there was very little immigrants in 1890

-by 1931, more people leaving US than entering

18th Amendment and Volstead Act(Were they enforced?)

-banned sale of alcohol

-difficult to enforce, esp in Eastern cities who ignored the law entirely

18th Amendment and Volstead Act(positive outlooks to the difficulty of reenforcement)

-inc bank savings

-reduced absents in factories

Gansterism and rise of gangs

-gangs completed to supply alcohol during this prohibition period

-Chicago alone, led to 500 deaths due to gang wars

-Convictions rare due to bribes

Criminal organizations later expanded into gambling, prostitution, and narcotics.

Al Capone

-aka Scarface

-notorious gang leader

-imprisoned not for violence but for tax evasion.

John Dewey

-emphasized “learning by doing” and “education for life”

Scopes Trial

-John T. Scores trialed for teaching evolution in Tennessee.

-Jennings Bryan prosecuted Scopes

-Clarence Darrow defended Scopes, called Bryan outdated

-Fine dismissed, Christians try to reconcile with science.

William Jennings Bryan in the Scopes Trial

-prosecuted Scopes

Clarence Darrow

-defended Scopes

-called Bryan outdated

John T. Scopes

-the person being prosecuted in the Scopes Trial for teaching evolution in Tennessee.

Andrew Mellon

-roaring 20s

-Secretary of Treasury

-tax cuts which encouraged investment

Henry Ford

-assembly line

-Rogue River Plant made a car in 10 seconds

Ransom E Olds

along with Ford, developed the infant auto industry

Fredrick Taylor

father of scientific management, promoted inc efficiency

Sports figures

-Babe Ruth

-Jack Dempsey

Henry Ford and Ransom E. Olds

-Although Americans did not invent the gasoline engine, innovators like them helped perfect automobile manufacturing.

Orville and Wilbur Wright

-first successful flight in 1903

Charles Lindbergh

-became a national hero after completing the first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean.

Guglielmo Marconi

-Radio technology evolved from ________-’s wireless telegraph system into a powerful mass medium.

-1920, first commercial radio station

-the radio transformed politics, sports, music by making it accessible nationwide

Thomas Edison

-helped pioneer motion picture

Margaret Sanger and National Women’s Party

-began in 1923

-campaign for an Equal Rights Amendment

Langston Hughes

The Weary Blues, 1926

Marcus Garvey

founded the United Negro Improvement Association

F. Scott Fitsgerald

-Great Gatsby

-shows the glamor and cruelty of an achievement-oriented society

Ernest Hamingway

-The Sun Also Rises

-Farewell to Arms

-shows the “Lost Generation”

Sinclair Lewis

-Main Street

-Babbitt

-disparged small town america

William Faulkner

-The Sound and the Fury

-As I Lay Dying

-depicted life in the South

Warren G. Harding

-president

couldn’t see corruption in his cabinent

Albert B. Fall

-part of Harding’s corrupt cabinant

-Secretary of the Interior

-anti-conservationist

Harry M Daugherty

-part of Harding’s corrupt cabinant

-attorney general

-accused of illegally selling pardons and liquor permits

Adkins vs children’s hospital

• a federal child-labor law

Railway Labor Board

mandated a wage reduction of 12%, contributing to a 30% drop in union membership

Veterans’ Bureau

established in 1921 to manage hospitals and offer general support to veterans

Adjusted Compensation Act

-provided every former soldier with a paid-up insurance policy due in twenty years, a measure that Congress enacted even after President Calvin Coolidge attempted to veto it.

Washington "Disarmament" Conference

- established a 5:5:3 ratio for naval ship tonnage among the U.S., Britain, and Japan, while notably excluding the Soviet Union from invitations or recognition

Four power treaty

bound Britain, Japan, France, and the U.S. to maintain the status quo in the Pacific,

Nine-Power Treaty

ensured the Open Door policy remained active in China

Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg

-earned the Nobel Peace Prize for the Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris), a historic agreement in which signatory nations pledged to no longer utilize war as a means of offensive policy.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law

-to prevent European markets from flooding the United States with inexpensive products

increased tariff rates from 27\% to 35%

- Presidents Harding and Coolidge favored these higher tariffs to protect domestic business, the policy hindered international debt recovery; European nations relied on selling goods to the U.S. to earn the capital needed to repay their war debts

Charles R. Forbes

-scandel

- head of the Veterans Bureau, and his accomplices looted the government for over $200 million.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall, who leased oil-rich lands in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to oilmen Harry Sinclair and Edward Doheny after receiving bribes totaling $400,000

Capper-Volstead Act,

exempted farmers' cooperatives from antitrust prosecution

McNary-Haugen Bill

proposed that the government buy up agricultural surpluses to maintain higher prices.

Election of 1924

-Republicans nominated Calvin Coolidge

-Democrats chose John Davis

-Senator Robert La Follette led the Progressive Party as a third-party candidate with the support of the AFL and the Socialist Party; however, Coolidge ultimately emerged victorious.

-Democratic Party struggled with internal divisions between "wets" and "drys,"(speaking abt alcohol) urban and rural factions, fundamentalists and modernists, and immigrants versus "old stock" Americans.

-Democrats failed by just one vote to condemn the Ku Klux Klan

Charles Dawes

-Dawes Plan to reschedule these reparations through private American loans to Germany, creating a circular flow of money that ultimately provided the U.S. with no real repayment.

-left France and Britain resentful

-felt their immense sacrifice of lives during the war outweighed the monetary debts demanded by the Americans.

Election of 1928

-Herbert Hoover was nominated by Republicans (“Rugged Individualism”)

-opposed by New York governor Alfred E. Smith

-Radio played an important role in the campaign, allowing Hoover’s personality to shine while Smith sounded boyish

Agricultural Marketing Act

-Hoover passed in 1929

-designed to help farmers help themselves by setting up a Federal Farm Board to assist them through cooperatives.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

-1930

-raised the tariff to an unbelievable 60%. This legislation was widely hated by foreigners as it reversed a promising worldwide trend toward reasonable tariffs.

Hooverviles

villages of shanties and ragged shacks

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

a government lending bank. Despite its intentions, giant corporations benefited the most from the RFC, as it provided no loans to individuals, making it another major target of Hoover’s critics.

Bonus Expeditionary Force,

veterans marched to Washington, D.C., demanding the payment of a promised bonus

Secretary of State Henry Stimson

-suggested that the United States likely would not interfere with a League of Nations embargo on Japan, though he was later restrained from taking action.

Stimson Doctrine

• Japan invaded Manchuria, CHina

• declared that the U.S. would not recognize any territory acquired through forceful aggression.

-essentially throwing out the Root–Takahira Agreement

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

-1932

-had polio, deepened his sympathy

-new deal

three R’s

relief, recovery, reform

Emergency Banking Relief Act of 1933

-part of FDR 100 days promise

-aimed to stabilize the banking system

Glass-Steagall Act

-created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), insuring bank deposits up to $5,000 and restoring public faith in banks.

-insuring bank deposits up to $5,000 and restoring public faith in banks

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

-provided jobs in camps for three million young men, requiring that part of their earnings be sent home to their families

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

provided millions of dollars to help farmers meet mortgage payments

Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC)

-refinanced mortgages on nonfarm homes, securing the loyalty of middle-class Democratic homeowners.

Charles Coughlin

-Catholic priest from Michigan, criticized the New Deal through radio broadcasts before being silenced for anti-Semitic remarks

Huey P. Long

-senator of Louisiana

-Share the Wealth” program, which promised $5,000 to families, allegedly funded by taxing the rich,

Dr. Francis E. Townsend of California

-nearly five million senior supporters with a plan to give each senior $200 a month, provided it was spent within the same month, a concept that foreshadowed Social Security

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

-spending $11 billion on thousands of buildings, bridges, and roads, and creating nine million jobs

Frances Perkins

-Secretary of Labor, making her the first woman to serve in a presidential cabinet.

Margaret Mead

-popularized cultural anthropology,

Pearl S. Buck

-wrote The Good Earth and became the third American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1938.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

-designed to help industry, labor, and the unemployed by establishing maximum working hours and minimum wages.

-Supreme Court struck it down

Public Works Administration (PWA)

-focused on long-range recovery by spending $4 billion on 34,000 projects

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

-paid farmers to reduce acreage and eliminate surpluses by taxing food processors

- Supreme Court invalidated the program in 1936, arguing that it placed taxing power in the executive branch rather than the legislative branch

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act

-paid farmers to plant soil-conserving crops

Second Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938

-conservation payments and was upheld by the Supreme Court.

Resettlement Administration

relocate farmers to better land

John Collier

-Commissioner of Indian Affairs

-reversed forced-assimilation policies dating back to the Dawes Act of 1887

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

-Indian “New Deal,”

- encouraged tribes to preserve their cultures and traditions, though with fewer resources.

Federal Securities Act

-required stock sellers to provide sworn statements about the soundness of their stocks and bonds.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

-created as a watchdog agency to regulate the stock market

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

- designed to produce electricity at reasonable rates

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

-stimulate construction by offering small loans to homebuyers, marking the first time in U.S. history that slum areas stopped expanding

Social Security Act of 1935

-creating pension and insurance programs for the elderly, blind, handicapped, delinquent children, and others, funded through taxes on employers and employees, though Republicans bitterly opposed it.

Wagner Act

National Labor Relations Act

National Labor Relations Board

-encouraged unskilled workers to organize into effective unions, including the United Mine Workers

Fair Labor Standards Act

-established minimum wages, maximum working hours, and banned child labor for those under 16, earning Roosevelt strong support from growing labor unions.

Alfred Landon

criticized FDR’s spending but supported enough New Deal measures that he was ridiculed as indecisive