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Seed Plants
Plants with seeds, evolved from vascular plants.
Sporophyte Dominance
Seed plants primarily exhibit sporophyte generation.
Gametophyte
Microscopic structure retained inside sporangia.
Heterospory
Production of two types of spores.
Pollen
Male gametophyte, carried by wind or animals.
Fruits
Mature ovary that aids in seed dispersal.
Megasporangium
Structure producing megaspores in female plants.
Microsporangium
Structure producing microspores in male plants.
Ovule
Structure containing integument, megasporangium, and megaspore.
Pollination
Transfer of pollen to ovule for fertilization.
Zygote
Fertilized egg that develops into an embryo.
Gymnosperms
Seed plants with exposed seeds, not enclosed.
Angiosperms
Seed plants with fruits and flowers.
Coniferophyta
Largest gymnosperm phylum, includes conifers.
Cycadophyta
Phylum of gymnosperms with palm-like leaves.
Ginkgophyta
Phylum containing only Ginkgo biloba species.
Gnetophyta
Phylum of gymnosperms with diverse species.
Pollen Cone
Cone containing microsporangia for pollen production.
Ovulate Cone
Cone containing megasporangia that produce eggs.
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Largest living organisms, known as Sequoias.
Pseudotsuga menziesii
Douglas fir, major timber source in North America.
Cycas revoluta
Cycad species with flagellated sperm.
Ginkgo biloba
Only surviving Ginkgo species, pollution tolerant.
Ephedra
Genus with desert species, produces ephedrine.
Magnoliophyta
Single phylum containing all angiosperms.
Stamen
Male reproductive organ, includes anther and filament.
Carpel
Female reproductive organ, includes stigma and ovary.
Fertilization
Process where sperm fertilizes the ovule.
Fruit
Developed from ovary, protects seeds.
Angiosperm Importance
Source of most human food and livestock feed.
Edible Products
Common foods derived from angiosperms include cacao and coffee.
Medicinal Uses
Angiosperms provide compounds like aspirin and quinine.
Threats to Diversity
Human population expansion threatens plant diversity.