OCR A Level Geography CSMP, Migration & Human Rights

What factors form place identity?

Physical geography

Demography

Socio-economic e.g. employment

Cultural

Political

Built environment

Lympstone, East Devon Intro

Small settlement

East bank of river exe estuary

15km south of exeter

Toxteth, Liverpool Intro

1.5km south of city centre

Arrival of railway at lympstone

1861

Demographic of lympstone

Top-heavy age structure (24.6% over 65)

Ethnically homogenous (98.9% white)

Population density lympstone

16.6

Population density toxteth

87.8

Toxteth ethnicity

78.6% white

6.9% black African/Caribbean

Limitations of census

Snapshot at one particular time - places always changing/dynamic

Boundary units change over time so past and present cannot be directly compared

Cultural face of toxteth

Major Muslim festivals e.g. eid and Ramadan are celebrated widely

Cultural face of lymptone

Based of Christian calendar

Political face of lympstone

Electorate 72,000

1 M.p.

Socio economic contrasts (l and t)

66.1% owner occupiers (l)

24% (t)

Shifting flows affecting toxteth

Economic restructuring - mass loss of jobs in docks and manufacturing

Poverty triggered toxteth riots in 1981

1988 Tate Liverpool opened

Regeneration of dock areas in 1980s

2008 Liverpool European capital of culture

2003 Liverpool science park - development of knowledge economy

Shifting flows affecting lympstone

1/3 residents hold senior positions

Knowledge based economy benefits more than toxteth

Reap rewards of economic restructuring whereas toxteth experiences other side

5 factors influencing place perception

Age gender sexuality religion role

Age and place perception

- change as you get older

- life cycle changing residence, jobs and thus shapes lived experiences of place

- young , low disposable income, live in a different place compared to an older retired couple

Gender and place perception

Divide between places seen as male vs female

More present historically hence temporal variations

Sports grounds vs shopping centres

Excluded or included in certain places influences place perception

Fear related to gender discrimination affects which places you go to

Sexuality and place perception

LGBT groups cluster in certain urban areas that are accommodating e.g. Gay Village Manchester

Pink pound shaped place profiles and place regeneration

Religion and place perception

Certain locations have great spiritual meanings e.g. Jerusalem

Different religions give local places spiritual significance through erection of places of worship e.g. mosques

Roles and place perception

Roles we have change as we age

Strongly influence place perception and the meanings we attach to places

Kurds

Ethnic group spread out in a diaspora over several Middle Eastern countries

Kurdistan covers Iraq, Syria and Turkey and Iran

Up to 30 million

Kurdish Workers Party uses conflict to try and create their own nation

Long suffered persecution

Globalisation definition

Increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world, economically, socially, politically and culturally

Set of forces that change the ways in which people experience and understand places

Winners and losers

Some people benefit from globalisation

- ease of living

- lower cost of travel

- connections for business etc

Others find changes disturbing and may lose attachment to a place affected by globalisation

- controlled

Ways of representing place

Formal

- census

- geographical dimension

Informal

- media e.g. tv, literature, art

Social inequality

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society

quality of life

The degree to which a persons needs and desires are met

Standard of living

The ability to access services and goods

Health care and social inequality

Poverty and I'll health

Number of doctors per 1000 is the measure

Postcode lottery - access to adequate services

Employment and social inequality

Regular income - profound impact on standard of living and qol

Difficulty of using unemployment as a measure

- informal work

- undeclared/illegal labour

- employed but low wages

Human Development Index (HDI)

Income (adjusted to purchasing power)

Life expectancy

Education (adult literacy rate and average number of years at school

Wealth and patterns of social inequality

Ability to purchase goods and services fundamental to wellbeing especially in a western materialistic culture (temporal and spatial variations)

Low income linked to poor health etc

Measured through disposable income

Housing and social inequality

Quality of accommodation significant

Linked to I'll health

Health and social inequality

Clear link between I'll health and deprivation

Education and social inequality

Most important element in creating and maintaining inequality

Access to services and social inequality

Varies at national and intraregional scales

Influenced by

- number of services

- access

- socio-economic

Clear rural urban divide

Digital divide and social inequality

Temporal variation

To become increasingly significant

Technologically illiterate affects jobs and wages you can attain

Key players in global economy

TNCs and nation states

Global shift

Relocation of manufacturing

Deindustrialisation

Follows global shift

Closures and job losses

Skills not easily transferred between sectors of economy

Positive impacts from structural economic change (ACs)

Cheaper imports reduces cost of living, flourishing retail sector

Demand for ac exports

Promotion of labour market flexibility

Improved environmental quality

Positive impacts from structural economic change (EDCs)

Export led growth

Multiplier effect

Reduces negative trade balance

Exposure to new technology

Development of skills

Negative impacts from structural economic change (ACs)

Job losses

Growing gap between skilled and unskilled

Regional disparities

Negative impacts from structural economic change (edcs)

Jobs conc in urban areas so spatial inequality increases further

Exploitation

Destabilise food supply

Environmental degradation

Birmingham research park

Designed to attract research led companies

BioHub

Silicon valley

Home to thousands of business start ups and largest hi tech organisations

Venture capital drives growth (half of all venture capital spent in USA spent in Silicon Valley)

Inequality still exists

- low paid exploitative work conc on female migrants dealing with chemicals

Uk government measures to reduce social inequality - taxation

Income tax redistributes wealth

Progressive tax systems

Uk government measures to reduce social inequality - subsidies

Given to poorer groups

E.g. free school meals, clothing allowances, university fees

Uk government measures to reduce social inequality - planning

Priority given to upgrading housing in poorest areas

Uk government measures to reduce social inequality - law

Legislation outlaws discrimination on racial and gender grounds

Aims to give equal opportunities to all groups

Uk government measures to reduce social inequality - education

Funding for training related to upgrading skill level and expertise

Provides better employment opportunity and hence increased multiplier effect

Education programmes targeted at personal health

Government spending in uk 2016

£760 billion

3/4 central government

1/4 local government

(Influence/ability to shape socio-economic profiles)

Pensions

Spending on pensions doubled in last 12 years

- increasing life expectancy

- dependency ratio

20% of government spending (£760 billion)

Government spending in UK - healthcare

NHS free

Paid for by taxation

Access improved through literature surrounding vaccination available in many languages

Rural services (role of government in spatial inequality UK)

KEy settlement policy supports rural areas

Jakarta (capital of Indonesia) population

10 million

1/5 largest country in the world (256m)

Jembatan Besi Slum Case Study (inequality)

- wealthiest 10% control 30% of all household income

- poorest 10% command 3.4% of all household income

- 1/4 of inhabitants live in slums

- jembatan besi 4km west of city centre

- population 4000 (most densely populated district)

Socio and economic conditions jembatan besi

- average income USD 4 per day

- irregular income due to informal employment

- little workers rights in formal organisations (safety hazards in garment industry)

Health

- no sanitation

-toilets flush out into open sewers

- no clean running water

- groundwater polluted

- slum built on former waste tip

- epidemics of water borne diseases e.g. cholera common

- air pollution very high from use of kerosene

- inadequate nutrition (cheap rice little protein or fresh fruit/veg)

Housing conditions jembatan besi

Makeshift

Scrap wood and metal commonly used

Fire constant risk

Improvised electrical wiring - health risk

Future for jembatan besi

Squalor settlements will continue to grow

Hard to improve conditions

- planning non existent

- government inadequate

QOL

- strong sense of community

Northwood, Irvine, California

Developed as a fully planned city in the 1960s

Built on former Irvine ranch

Classic edge city

Located on southern edge of LA conurbation

21,000 people in 2000 households

1/3 families

Socio economic conditions Northwood

Median income USD 86500 per year

30000 over national average

Amazing access to employment

University of California is the cities largest employer offering range of jobs

High tech companies well established e.g. Blizzard Entertainment

Several TNCS have USA HQs in Irvine e.g. Toshiba

Home to many new business ventures

Healthcare Northwood

Air pollution low - avoids smog which is endemic to central regions

Education northwood

Best achieving in the USA

5 high schools

Several tertiary education facilities

68.5% of residents have first degrees

20.5% possess masters/doctorates

Crime northwood

Overall crime rate 70% lower than national average

96% safer than other cities in California

Violent crime = 50 incidents per 1000000 people compared to 366 nationally

Ethnicity northwood

Half residents are white

Second most numerous group = Asian

Housing conditions Northwood

Dominated by single family houses on large plots

91% owner occupiers

2/3 lived in Irvine for over 10 years

2.8 persons per household

Future for irvine

Highest ranked cities in USA

Reputation of high paid employment

Players/stakeholders definition

Individuals, groups or formal organisations who can influence or are influenced by the process of change in a place

Public players

Government (local, national, international)

E.g. EU transnational influences economic change via grants for infrastructure development

National - strategic planning and funding allocation

Local - similar role on a smaller scale

Private players

Businesses e.g. TNCs - aim is to generate money

Local communities

NGOs e.g. national trust - 1 million members

Attraction of FDI

Governments keen to encourage inward investment from TNCs

FDI increased enormously since 1980 but this is non linear

60% investment in other ACs

China set to become worlds biggest overseas investor by 2020 - In 2015 usd100 billion of FDI invested by Chinese companies

Planners / architects and place making

Local Plan (governments) important as sets framework for land use

Reflects history and culture of places (emotional attachment)

Influence how lives are lived

Major contributions to place making on a subliminal scale

Good design is well cared for and instills attachment to a place

Example of negative - Hume in Manchester

The 24 hour city

In London - bus routes at night have doubled between 1999 and 2013 passenger numbers tripled

From sept 2015 - five underground lines operate 24hrs

6-50 macdonalds opened 24hours from 2006-2015

Rebranding alters negative place perceptions at night - helping shape the geography of fear

Role of local community groups in place making

Political organisations / councils listen to needs of local communities

Residents associations mainly concerned with built environment

Preserve distinctive character of a place

Digital placemaking

Temporal - becoming more influential

Social media wholly integrated in many lives

Encourages public collaboration and participation in planning and decision making

Power of 10 - places thrive when those who use them have more than 10 reasons to

Baltimore, USA this theory was integrated into the placemaking process

- online crowdsourcing local people identified places that mattered most to them overall picture guided regeneration plan

Why places rebrand

Brand - popular image a place has acquired and by which it is generally recognised, including objective and subjective aspects

If a place has acquired a negative place image rebranding may be attempted

E.g. northern powerhouse - attempts to stimulate production and activity in peripheral regions affected negatively by structural economic change

Three key elements of rebranding - brand artefact

Physical and built environment

- create new

- reuse existing

- remove old

Three key elements of rebranding - brand essence

Peoples experiences of the place

- living, working, visiting, talking

Three key elements of rebranding - brandscape

How a place compares to other similar places

- local to international scales

Strategies for rebranding - market led

Private investors aiming to make a profit e.g. property developers, business owners

Gentrification typical of this strategy

Strategies for rebranding - top-down

Large scale organisations e.g. local authorities

Regeneration of large developments e.g. Salford quays (bbc)

Strategies for rebranding - flagship development

Large scale one-off property projects with distinctive architecture

Act as a catalyst to attract further investment

E.g. the millennium stadium cardiff

Strategies for rebranding - legacy

Following international events e.g. olympics which bring investment and regeneration e.g. London 2012 aquatics Park used for disadvantaged children

Strategies for rebranding - events or themes

Major festivals e.g. European capital of culture (Liverpool 2008)

Serves as a catalyst for cultural development of a city

Elements involved in rebranding process - architecture

Reinforces individual heritage

Promote place as wealthy, modern, forward looking (e.g. shard in London)

Elements involved in rebranding process - heritage use

Revitalises a place e.g. use of Stonehenge to rebrand surrounding region

Elements involved in rebranding process - retail

Growth in importance of consumer spending

Increased emphasis given to shopping experience

Retail developments aid rebranding

E.g. flagship selfridges development and bull ring Birmingham

Elements involved in rebranding process - art

E.g. Tate in st ives, Cornwall

Pivotal in rebranding of places

Acquires new meaning

Festivals e.g. Glastonbury give places new meaning

Elements involved in rebranding process - sport

E.g. Olympic Games, world cups, formula 1 Grand Prix

Talk about virgin racing (formula e - places seen as forward thinking)

Elements involved in rebranding process - food

Some places developed reputation of high quality food to help in rebranding

E.g. Ludlow Shropshire has become known as food town

Several specialist restaurants (multiplier effect)

Example of investor in place rebranding

EUs regional development fund

- gives grants to assist projects in deprived areas

Contested nature of rebranding - change in character

E.g. gentrification

Existing residents don't appreciate new meaning

Can't afford new socio economic profile

Forces people to move out - rising property prices

Contested nature of rebranding - favouring one group over another

Some stakeholders benefit more than others

E.g. Liverpool One (large shopping centre) local residents felt the development offers little use to them

Contested nature of rebranding - differences in priorities

Different priorities and vision exists at different scales

Liverpool vision employed cheaper foreign labour to ensure maximum profit from private investors - thus completely eradicating benefits to local disadvantaged people (dislocation/dissatisfaction may enforce even more so negative image of a place)

Quantitative analysis of rebranding success

ONS publish data regarding change in employment types and unemployment levels

Compares MDI values annually, crime statistics etc

Qualitative analysis of rebranding success

Photos, interviews, informal measures of satisfaction, surveys

How many people are in relative poverty in the UK

13 million

Index of multiple deprivation

Factors used

- income

- employment

- health

- education

- crime

- access to services

- living environment

Gini coefficient

Measures income inequality between countries

Ratio with values 0-1

Lower value = equal income distribution