ap psychology unit 5

Hippocampus

Neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

Implicit Memory

Memory formation involving the cerebellum and basal ganglia in the brain network.

Infantile Amnesia

Inability to consciously remember learning associations and skills from the first three years of life.

Long-Term Potentiation

Neural basis for learning and memory where neurons become more efficient at releasing neurotransmitters.

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories.

Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to retrieve old memories.

Misinformation Effect

Formation of false memories by incorporating misleading details or repeatedly imagining events.

Source Amnesia

Attribution of a memory to the wrong source, which may explain phenomena like déjà vu.

Heuristics

Simple thinking strategies that allow for efficient problem-solving but are more error-prone than algorithms.

Phonemes

Language's basic units of sound.

Morphemes

Elementary units of meaning in language.

Intelligence

Mental quality involving learning from experience, problem-solving, and adapting to new situations.

Emotional Intelligence

Ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions effectively.

Francis Galton

Believed in inherited genius and attempted to construct an intelligence test in the late 1800s.

Alfred Binet

Developed questions to measure children's mental age and predict progress in the school system in 1904.

Charles Spearman

Proposed one general intelligence (g) and further developed factor analysis.

Howard Gardner

Proposed multiple intelligences including linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist.

Robert Sternberg

Proposed triarchic theory of intelligence involving analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

Availability Heuristic

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, presuming events are common if they come readily to mind.

Retrograde Amnesia

Inability to recall memories from before the onset of amnesia, while being able to form and store new memories properly.

Anterograde Amnesia

Inability to form new memories.

Broca’s Area

Brain region controlling language expression, speech production muscle direction.

Wernicke's Area

Brain region for language reception and understanding.

Divergent Thinking

Obtaining one solution to a problem.

Convergent Thinking

Seeking several solutions to the same problem, associated with creativity.

Fluid Intelligence

Ability to solve new problems, use logic in new situations, identify patterns.

Infantile Amnesia

Inability to recollect early episodic memories in adulthood.

Recall

Retrieving learned info not currently in conscious awareness.

Recognition

Identifying previously learned items.

Proactive Interference

Prior learning's disruptive effects on new info recall.

Retroactive Interference

New learning's disruptive effect on old info.

Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve

Shows forgetting about 75% of learned info in a day.

Aptitude

Test predicting future performance, capacity to learn.

Achievement

Test assessing what a person has learned.

Serial Position Effect

Tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list.

State Dependent Memory

Easier recall of info learned in the same state.

Mental Set

Tendency to approach problems in a particular successful way.

Flynn Effect

Worldwide improvement of test scores over time.

Spearman’s “g” Factor

General intelligence factor underlying specific mental abilities.

Priming

Unconscious activation of associations in memory.

Fixation

inability to see things from another perspective, reluctance to let go of a belief even after it has been disproved

Working Memory

Focuses on active processing of incoming info. typically 7, give or take 2

Framing

How an issue is posed affecting decisions and judgments.

Implicit Memory

Retention independent of conscious recollection.

Linguistic Determinism

Language structures limiting human knowledge and thought.

Critical Period

Early period where learning is easiest.

False Memories

Easily manipulated memories shaping beliefs.

Emotional Intelligence

Ability to perceive, understand, manage emotions.

Wechsler Intelligence Curve

Distribution of intelligence scores.

Howard Gardner

Believed in multiple intelligences.

Basal Ganglia

Involved in motor movement and procedural memories.

Amygdala

Emotion-related memory formation; flashbulb memories

Cerebellum

Important for storing classically conditioned memories.

Hippocampus

Processes explicit memories for facts and episodes.

Short-Term Memory

Holds a small amount of info for a short time.

Elaborative Encoding

Actively relating new info to existing memories.

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Studied memory using nonsense syllables.

Method of Loci

Mnemonic device for recalling info by location in theoretical places;

Source Monitoring

Ability to track info origin.

Consolidation

Process transforming short term memories into long term memories.

Long Term Potentiation

Mechanism behind memory formation; process by which synaptic connections between neurons become stronger with frequent activation

Predictable World Bias

Seeing patterns in random events based on past experiences.

Creative Intelligence

Using prior experiences to solve new problems.

Retest Reliability

Consistent results on repeated test administration.

Split Half Reliability

Consistent results from two halves of a test.

Internal Consistency Reliability

Consistent results across items within a test.

Inter Rater Reliability

Consistent scoring of a test by different raters.

memory

persistance of learning over time thru the encoding, storage and retrieval of info

parallel processing

processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; natural mode of information processing for many functions

spacing effect

tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved thru massed study or practice

representative heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to present, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant info

association network representation

predicts that activation of a concept will also activate related concepts

maintenance rehearsal

simple thinking of rods over and over again, involves the repetition of info in its of, unaltered form

self reference

means information that is personally relevant is more easily remembered than personally irrelevant info

validity

extent to which a test measures or predicts what is is supposed to

reliability

extent to which yields consistent results, as assessed by consistency of scores on to halves of the test, alternate forms of test, or retesting