8) how the chromosomes stay together in Mitosis or Meiosis

this is after chromosomes are duplicated btw

Centromeric cohesion : A (Mitosis)

A cohesion ring (protein) holds DNA in place around sister chromatids

Centromeric cohesion : B

in metaphase, sister kinetochores move opposite poles while cohesion rings keep sister chromatids together

Centromeric cohesion : C

in anaphase, when cohesin rings break, the sister chromatids can separate!

Arm cohesion: A (Meiosis)

Cohesin around chromosome arms hold together at chiasmata

Arm cohesion: B

cohesin ring around arms break down, but centromeric ones stay in place by shugoshin

What is Shugoshin?

protector protein that prevents breakdown of cohesin rings around the centromere of chromosomes

Arm cohesion: C

Shugoshin degrades, cohesin breaks down, chromatids are separated from spindle fibers