Solid, Liquid, And Gasses

Particulate diagrams

Show different properties of solids liquids and gasses

Solids

Not enough kinetic energy, Particles only vibrate, Not much space, Rigid and fixed volume and shape, Can’t be compressed

Crystalline solids

Repeating 3-d structure

Amorphous solids

Particles disordered

Liquids

Particles close together, Enough kinetic energy to move, Can’t be compressed

Gasses

Enough kinetic energy to overcome IMFs, Particles far apart and move quickly, Can be compressed, No regular arrangement

Types of solids

Ionic, Covalent network, Molecular, Metallic

Ionic solids

Ions at points of lattice, Electrostatic attraction between ions, Metal cation and nonmetal anion

Ionic solid properties

Low vapor pressure, High melting point, High boiling point, Brittle, Conduct electricity when ions can move

Ionic solid trends

Small ions or ions with higher charges have stronger attraction

Covalent network solids

Atoms at lattice points with strong covalent bonds, Only nonmetals

Covalent network solid properties

Hard, Strong, High melting point, Brittle

Carbon-containing covalent network solids

Diamond, Graphite

Silicon containing covalent network solids

Silica, Glass, Silicon carbide

Molecular solids

Nonmetals covalently-bonded, Weak IMFs, No structure

Molecular solid properties

Low melting point, Don’t conduct electricity

Metallic solids

Metallic crystals and metal atoms, Lattice of cations with delocalized electrons

Metallic solid properties

Good conductors, Malleable, Ductile

Substitutional alloys

Atoms similar sizes, Density between both atoms, Still malleable and ductile

Interstitial alloys

Smaller and larger atom, More rigid

Biomolecules and polymers

Function and properties depends on shape of molecule, Shape of molecule dictated by noncovalent interactions

Order of strength of interactions

Molecular < ionic = metallic < covalent