ch 9 part 2: Sleep and Biological Rhythms

Sleep is regulated by:

Neural and chemical processes

Adenosine is a:

Neuromodulator that drives sleep

Adenosine accumulates when:

Brain is active and uses energy

Astrocytes provide:

Glycogen for emergency energy

Adenosine has what effect?

Inhibitory

Caffeine acts as a(n):

Antagonist to adenosine

Arousal is controlled by:

Neurotransmitters

Homeostatic factors are driven by:

Adenosine

Allostatic factors:

Override homeostasis during stress

Circadian factors refer to:

Daily biological rhythms

Insomnia is:

Difficulty falling or staying asleep

Insomnia is usually diagnosed by:

Self-report

Common insomnia treatment includes:

CBT-I and medications

Fatal familial insomnia is caused by:

Thalamus damage and gene mutation

Fatal familial insomnia leads to:

Coma and death

Sleep apnea involves:

Breathing interruptions during sleep

Sleep apnea treatment includes:

CPAP or surgery

Narcolepsy is:

Autoimmune disorder affecting sleep

Narcolepsy causes:

Sudden REM sleep attacks

Hypocretinergic neurons:

Help keep us awake

Narcolepsy treatment includes:

Stimulants and antidepressants

REM sleep behavior disorder:

Acting out dreams

Cause of REM behavior disorder may include:

Neurodegeneration or antidepressants

Nocturnal enuresis is:

Bedwetting

Sleepwalking is linked to:

Genetic factors

Night terrors are most common in:

Children

Circadian rhythms are:

Daily biological rhythms

Free-running cycle length:

24.2–24.3 hrs

Cycle with cues is:

24 hrs

A zeitgeber is:

External cue like light

Light information is sent to:

SCN of hypothalamus

SCN controls:

Circadian rhythms and hormones

Body temperature during sleep:

Decreases

Temperature rises:

Before waking

Melatonin:

Increases before sleep

Cortisol peaks:

Upon waking

Advanced sleep phase syndrome:

Sleep occurs earlier

Delayed sleep phase syndrome:

Late sleep timing

Delayed sleep phase is common in:

Adolescents

Recommended nap length:

30 min

Before bed, avoid:

Stimulants

Exercise before bed should be:

Light and not close to bedtime

Meals should be finished:

2–3 hours before bed

Light exposure recommendation:

Light in day, dark at night

Good sleep habit includes:

Consistent bedtime routine