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Pre-history

the period of time before written records

Lucy

3.2 million year old skeleton found in Africa by Donald Johanser

The pre-history people were this

Hunter-gatherers (nomadic)

Stone Age

When people began using bone and stone tools

Archaeology

Study of past human material remains

Anthropology

Study of human society, culture, and development

Humans originated from here

Africa (eastern + southern)

Bipedalism

Ability to walk on two legs

Neolithic Revolution

(10,000 - 8,000 BC) When humans began using agriculture and domesticating animals

What makes a civilization? (8)

(1) government
(2) religion
(3) social classes
(4) arts
(5) cities
(6) specialization
(7) writing
(8) infrastructure

What led to social classes?

Specialization of labor

How did the Neolithic revolution contribute to the rise of civilizations?

Agriculture caused families to grow into tribes which grew into civilizations

Economics

How we consume, produce, and manage goods and services

Economic progression is often tied to this

Societal growth and imperial expansion

Early specializations of labor (4) (social classes formed from these)

(1) Farmer
(2) Warrior
(3) Religious leader
(4) Artisan

Writing is important to civilization for these reasons (4)

(1) Codification of laws
(2) Record-keeping
(3) Birth of literature
(4) Sharing of culture

Social Class

How people are divided by income and labor

The River Valley Civilizations were located here

Rivers valleys in Africa and Asia

Dynasty

A family of rulers

Cuneiform

the world's first system of writing (from the Middle East)

Metallurgy

the science of working with metals

Polytheism

Belief in many gods

Sanskrit

Language of ancient India

Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

Ziggurat

Mesopotamian temple tower

The major River Valley Regions (4)

(1) Egypt (Nile)
(2) Mesopotamia (Tigris-Euphrates)
(3) India (Indus)
(4) China (Yangtze)

Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia)

Between Tigris/Euphrates in modern Iraq

Advancements of Mesopotamia (6)

(1) Irrigation
(2) Drainage
(3) Wheel
(4) Sail
(5) Plow
(6) Writing

Sumerians may have come from this region

Caucasus Mountain Region

Sumerian Government

Theocracy

Sumerian Religion

Polytheism

Sumerian writing system

Cuneiform

Sumerian Social Classes (7)

(1) Royals
(2) Officials
(3) Priests
(4) Scribes
(5) Merchants
(6) Peasants
(7) Slaves

Legal code (criminal and civil law) was created by this empire ("eye for an eye")

Babylonian Empire

Babylonian Kings (3)

(1) Hammurabi
(2) Cyrus
(3) Darius

Babylonian Trade

Vast trade network through Mediterranean Sea

The Babylonian Empire was known for these (3)

(1) Size
(2) Wealth
(3) Cosmopolitan nature

The 365-day calendar was made here

Egypt (to anticipate floods)

1st Period of History

Old Kingdom (2700 - 2200 BC)

Egyptian Kingdoms (3)

Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom

Egyptian Accomplishments

(1) Hieroglyphics
(2) Ink
(3) Plow
(4) Calendar
(5) Papyrus paper
(6) Pyramids
(7) Water clock
(8) Sundial
(9) Makeup
(10) Written history

Egyptian Religion

Polytheism

Indus River Valley Civilization Major Cities (2)

(1) Mohenjo-daro
(2) Harappa

The Vedic Age laid the foundation for this

Hinduism

Caste

The class into which a person is born

These people created the caste system

Aryans

China was ruled by dynasties for this many years

30,000 years

This was the first Chinese dynasty

Shang Dynasty (1532 - 1027 BC)

This dynasty created the first centralized government

Shang Dynasty (1532 - 1027 BC)

Shang Dynasty Religion

Polytheism (nature based gods and ancestors)

The longest Chinese dynasty

Zhou Dynasty (1027 - 256 BC)

Mandate of Heaven

A dynasty's right to rule by the gods

The early Greeks came from here

Islands along the Aegean and Mediterranean Sea

Greece's first major city

Corinth (peloponnesian isthmus)

These people lived on the island of Crete (2000 - 1500 BC)

Minoans

The Minoans created Europe's first writing system called this

Linear A

These people came from mainland Greece and replaced the Minoans

Mycenaeans (created writing system Linear B)

Dark Age of Greece

Famine and writing disappeared

Athens and Sparta were this

Polis (city-states)

A democratic republic is this (\__ + \___)

democracy + republic

Athenian Democracy was this type of democracy

Direct democracy

Sparta was this type of system

Oligarchic system ("rule by a few")

Socrates

Greek (Athenian) philosopher (executed with hemlock poison)

Greco-Persian Wars (\___ vs \___)

Greece vs Persia

Peloponnesian War (\___ vs \___)

Athens vs Sparta

Scarlet fever killed this percent of Athens' land army

25%

Herodotus (FATHER OF HISTORY)

First Greek historian born in Ionia

He wrote the Histories (first history book)

Herodotus (father of history, greek historian, born in Ionia)

Plato

Socrates most famous student

Aristotle

Plato's most famous student

He tamed the horse Bucepalus

Alexander the Great

Philio II

King of Macedon

Alexander's private tutor

Aristotle

The age when Alexander was entrusted to oversee Macedon

16

When Alexander sailed to Persia and conquered western Asia, India, and Egypt

334 BC

When Alexander died

323 BC (33 years old, died from fever)

Hellenism

spread of Greek culture

Ptolemy

Alexander's most successful general

This started era started at Alexander's death

Hellenistic era

This era ended at the end of the Ptolemaic Dynasty

Hellenistic era

Euclid ("father of geometry)

Compiled geometric knowledge (wrote "Elements")

4 Schools of Philosophy

(1) Cynicism
(2) Stoicism
(3) Skepticism
(4) Epicureanism

Withdraw from society and live naturally

Cynicism

Divine reason directs the world and no free will

Stoicism

Seek pleasure and avoid pain

Epicureanism

Everything is uncertain (seekers, inquirers)

Skepticism

Rome was highly influenced by this culture

Greek

Classical Rome government

Senate and Republic

Republic

Government where citizens elect representatives

"Twelve Tables"

Equality before law

The 1st triumvirate

Marcus Crassus, Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Magnus

Julius Caesar's adopted son

Octavian (took name "Augustus" when became Emperor in 27 BC)

Pax Romana started with his rule (lasted 200 years, 27 BC - AD 180)

Augustus (Octavian)

The year that the Pax Romana began and ended
(\___BC - AD\___)

27 BC - AD 180

The year that the Colosseum was finished (AD \___)

AD 80

Monotheistic

one god

Roman Mythology was this type of religion

polytheism

First known monotheistic religion was from this place

Persia (Zoroastirianism)

Holiest Jewish site in Jerusalem

Western Wall/Wailing Wall (from Herold's Temple)

Christianity rose in this century

1st century AD