Hyponatremia (L15)

s serum sodium of ______ is indicative of hyponatremia

<135 mEq/L

is there more commonly an excess of water or sodium in hyponatremia

excess of water (in relation to sodium)

which osmotic state(s) can hyponatremia occur in

low, normal, and high osmolality (unlike hypernatremia which is only hypertonic)

acute hyponatremia requires ________ intervention to prevent ________

RAPID to prevent herniation

what is brain herniation and why is it so life-threatening

swelling due to excess water in brain

which osmotic state of hyponatremia is the most common

hypotonic (low osmolality)

hypervolemic hyponatremia has a _________ TBW and a ___________ Na

really increased TBW and slightly increased NA

hypervolemic hyponatremia is caused by increased ECF due to…

congestive HF, liver failure, nephrotic syndrome, acute/chronic renal failure

VRAs can be used to treat ____volemic hyponatremia

hypervolemic (Vasopressin Receptor Antagonists)

euvolemic hyponatremia is a relatively normal ECF due to…

hypothyroidism, addison’s disease, SIAD

___volemic hyponatremia is most often caused by SIAD

euvolemic

euvolemic hyponatremia is most commonly caused by _____

SIAD (Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic hormone)

in treatment of euvolemic hyponatremia, furosemide can be used with ___________ or __________

NaCl tablet or 0.9% NaCl (Careful cuz this can worsen SIAD)

______ disorders can cause SIAD

CNS —> ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, mass lesions, trauma, acute psychosis

CNS disorders can cause ______ —> hyponatremia

SIAD

which 2 medications are the classic cause of SIAD

Chlorpropamide (not really used anymore) & Carbamazepine

what 6 drugs/types of drugs can cause SIAD

Haloperidol, Chlorpropamide (classic cause), Carbamazepine (classic cause), Tri-Cyclic Antidepressants, SSRIs, Desmopressin (which is sued to treat hypernatremia)

which drug that’s used in the treatment of hypernatremia can cause SIAD

Desmopressin

what infectious disease can cause SIAD

HIV

severe _______ can cause SIAD —> hyponatremia

and why?

nausea d/t lots of arginine vasopressin being release —> retains extra fluid