Psych 100 Final UMD

Bipolar I

at least one manic episode. Mania is a euphoric state. May have an elevated self esteem, be more talkative, willing to spend more money, or reduced sleeps. Depression follows as a result. Can lead to severe difficulties in business dealings, relationships, or personal finances.

Bipolar II

periods of highs followed by depression, but these highs are hypomanic meaning they are not severe enough to impair life functioning

dysthymic disorder

depressed mood most of the day ongoing for at least two years. Under or over eating, sleep difficulties, fatigue, low self-esteem, difficulty with concentration or decision making and hopelessness.

major depressive disorder

depressed mood, reduced interest in activities that used to be enjoyed, sleep disturbances, loss of energy or a significant reduction in energy, difficulty concentrating, conversing, paying attention or decision making, suicidal thoughts or intentions

Seasonal Affective Disorder

depression cause by lack of light

agoraphobia

Anxiety about being in places where escape maybe difficult, embarrassing or not available

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

general feelings of anxiety such as mild heart palpitations, dizziness, and excessive worry. Difficult to control for the individual and not related to a specific event. Not as severe as panic disorder.

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Obsessions and compulsions that are seemingly uncontrollable thoughts and actions used to neutralize obsessions. Disruptive to daily activities.

Panic Disorder

Sudden attacks of intense fear or anxiety usually associated with numerous physical symptoms (rapid breathing, palpitations, racing thoughts) like onset of a heart attack

phobias

extreme anxiety and fear associated with the object or situation or avoidance. Symptoms must disrupt daily function

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Re-experiencing a traumatic experience through nightmares, obsessive thoughts, and flashbacks to the event. Avoidant component where isolates themselves from those who remind them of the event

body dysmorphic

preoccupied with specific body part and belief it is deformed or defective. Excessive and causes distress or significant impairment in functioning

conversion disorder

Deficits in voluntary motor or sensory functions which are not intentionally produced but which cannot be fully explained. Significant impairments in functioning or history of resulting medical treatment that cannot explain it in any other way

hypochondriasis

preoccupation with fears of having a serious disease based upon misinterpretation of bodily sensations. Preoccupation exists despite assurance from a physician that they do not have it

pain disorder

pain which causes significant distress or impairment in functioning which cannot fully be explained by a doctor. Must be judged to be related to psychological factors and cannot be explained by another doctor

somatization disorder

history of physical complaints prior to age 30 which occur over a period of several years. Significant impairment in functioning or history of medical treatment. Lack of explanation for most of the complaints

dissociative amnesia

memory gaps related to traumatic or stressful events are too extreme to be accounted for by normal forgetting

dissociative fugue

often during extreme stress, abrupt travel away from home and inability to remember important aspects of their life and he partial or complete adoption of a new identity. Involves wandering with no memory of your past life or identity.

Dissociative Identity Disorder

existence of more than one distinct identity or personality within the same individual. Identities take control of the person at different times with important information about the other identities out of conscious awareness

Depersonalization Disorder

feelings of unreality that your body does not belong to you or you are in a dreamlike state

Schizophrenia

people interpret reality abnormality. May result in combo of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behavior

Antisocial Personality Disorder

behaviors include difficulty with authority, legal altercations, cruelty to animals, fire setting, and a dislike or anger to authority. More common in males. Disregard for human rights, empathy, impulsiveness, and lack of remorse

Borderline Personality Disorder

history of unstable relationships in the person's life and there is a higher than average likelihood of sexual abuse, family violence, and/or neglect in the person's childhood. The disorder is diagnosed much more frequently in females. Unstable relationships, negative/poor sense of self, intense fear of abandonment

delusions of grandeur-positive

involve misinterpretation of perception or experience

hallucinations-positive

seeing or hearing things that do not exist hearing voices is most common

thought disorder-positive

difficulty speaking and organizing thoughts resulting in stopping speech and putting meaningless words together "word salad"

disorganized disorder-positive

may show in a number of ways from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation

1. Diminish or absence of normal characteristics of functioning

2. Loss of interest in everyday activities

3. Lack of emotion

4. Reduced ability to plan and carry out activities

5. Neglect of personal hygiene

6. Social withdrawal

7.Loss of motivation

negative characteristics of schizophrenia

1. Problems with thought process and interfere with daily routines

2. Problems making sense of information

3. Difficulty paying attention

4. Memory problems

Cognitive problems with schizophrenia

1. Mood swings causing depression (inappropriate or odd when perceived by others)

2. Social isolation

Affective problems with schizophrenia

paranoid schizophrenia

having delusions and hearing things. ability to function and think in daily life may be less affected than other types. Have auditory hallucinations, delusions, anxiety, anger, violence, emotional distance, suicidal thoughts, argumentativeness, and self-importance

catatonic schizophrenia

person loses touch with reality and episodes of behavior at extreme opposites of the spectrum. Have physical immobility, excessive mobility, extreme resistance to instructions or movement, peculiar movement, and mimicking

disorganized schizophrenia

thoughts, speech, and behavior that are inappropriate and do not make sense. Difficult to carry out routine activities. Have disorganized thinking, grossly disorganized behavior, and absent or inappropriate emotional expression

narcissistic personality disorder

revolves around pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and sense of entitlement. Often, individuals feel overly important and will exaggerate achievements. fantasies involving unlimited success, power, love, or beauty and feel that they only be understood by others who are, like them, superior in some aspect of life. underlying sense of inferiority

histrionic personality disorder

long-standing pattern of attention seeking behavior and extreme emotionality. may have difficulty achieving emotional intimacy in romantic or sexual relationships. Want to be center of attention. Often act out of role. inappropriate sexual behavior or seduction, relies on physical appearance highly suggestible and easily influenced

dishabituation

ability to recognize the differences between things or objects

schema

representation of a set of perceptions, ideas and actions that go together

sensori motor (0-2)

differentiates self from objects and recognizes self as agent of action and therefore acts intentionally. Realizes things exist without them being present

pre-operational (2-7)

learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words. Thinking is ego-centric and from their viewpoint. classifies objects by a single feature. understanding how objects exist and how we manipulate them

concrete (7-11)

can think logically about objects and events. classifies objects according to several features and can order objects along a single dimension such as size

formal (11 and up)

can think logically about abstract propositions and test hypotheses systematically. become concerned with the hypothetical, future, and ideological problems

ID

libido, drives and urges like sex and aggression in accordance with pleasure principle. primary process thinking

ego

executive function that executes plans and coordinates. controls ID. Secondary process thinking that occurs later in life and as a reality principle

superego

partly unconscious. considered to be the supervisor and monitor our activity and make value judgements

conscious

thoughts are mental products currently in awareness

unconscious

thoughts are things a person cannot voluntarily bring to awareness

preconscious

thoughts are memories not currently in awareness but easily retrieved

denial

deny the reality of the unpleasant fact altogether

rationalization

false explanation of your own behavior when you are lying to yourself

intellectualization

a cool scientific attitude toward something that threatens to cause emotional distress

projection

people avoid a negative evaluation of themselves by seeing their own unpleasant thoughts or actions in other people

displacement

libidinal energy is supposedly redirected from a desired goal to a substitute

reaction formation

a person defends against unacceptable thoughts or impulses by converting them to their opposite on the surface

sublimation

libidinal energy is channeled into socially acceptable approved activities

undoing

undo damage and reduce guilt over some action in the past

isolation

takes a problem or conflict and shuts it off in a corner of their mind

conversion reaction

converts psychological problems into a physical ailment

identification

a person avoid painful thoughts and emotions by identifying with some symbolic sources of strength

regression

when a person under stress reverts to behavior characteristic of a younger age

personal unconscious

accumulation of experiences that could not be consciously recalled

collective unconscious

universal inheritance of humans passed on to each of us

archetypes

symbols of common human social realities that lead us to see certain patterns in people based off of instinctive patterns of evolution

complex

grouping of parts around some central emotional theme due to life experiences

openess, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

OCEAN

psychology

the science of understanding human individual's affect, behavior, and cognition

sociobiological theory

our thoughts, feelings, and behavior are founded on patterns that maximized our reproductive potential over thousands of years

sociocultural theory

our thoughts, feelings, and behavior are founded by the expectations of other

learning theory

our thoughts, feelings, and behavior are determined by our experience with, and/or expectations of, the potential positive and negative consequences

social cognitive theory

our thoughts, feelings, and behavior are functions of our knowledge, attitudes, abilities, and motivations

naturalistic observation

collecting data with out participant awareness

structured observation

researchers set up situation, and observe behavior/reaction

self-report

participants provide information on survey or assignment

controlled experiment

researchers create controlled environment to manipulate variable to test another

longitudinal

data is periodically collected from same participants over time

cross-sectional

researchers gather participants of different age groups to look for differences

case study

researchers can conduct analysis of a specific person, group, company, ethnicity, etc.

archival

researcher examines data collected for other purposes

correlation

things are linked, but not proven if one causes the other

causation

one thing causes another thing to happen

positive correlation

if one things goes up, the other goes up

negative correlation

if one thing goes up, the other goes down

independent variable

the thing that is manipulated in the experiment

dependent variable

the thing that is measured in the experiment

external validity

the extent to which findings can be generalized to the population

probability

everybody has an equal opportunity of being chosen for participation in the study (random sampling)

convenience

participants are chosen based on convenience for the researcher (volunteer)

random sampling

selecting a random group of people from the entire population to represent the entire population

random assignment

assigning participants to random groups in a study

stimulus

any event we can sense (sound, light, touch, taste, etc.)

stimulus generalization

applying what you learned about one stimulus to another