denaturation

secondary and tertiary

Denaturation involves the disruption and possible destruction of the ______ and ________ structures

primary

Because denaturation reactions are not strong enough to break peptide bonds, the [_________] structure (sequence of amino acids) remains the same after the process.

random shape

Denaturation disrupts the normal alpha-helix and beta sheets, uncoiling the protein into a __________

precipitation or coagulation

The most common visible observation of denaturation is the [_________] or [___________] of the protein

hydrogen bonds

Secondary structure bonding interactions rely on [________] to [amide groups].

non-polar hydrophobic interactions

The four types of bonding interactions between "side chains" in tertiary structure are hydrogen bonding, [salt bridges], [disulfide bonds], and [____________]

disulfide bonds

are strong covalent bonds formed by the oxidation of [sulfhydryl groups] on cysteine

Salt bridges

are ionic interactions that result from the neutralization of an acid and amine on side chains

straightening an alpha helix

In the prion protein, a salt bridge between glutamic acid 200 and lysine 204 has the effect of

heat

Increases [kinetic energy], causing molecules to vibrate violently enough to disrupt bonds.

alcohol

Forms new hydrogen bonds between the alcohol molecule and the protein side chains.

Salt bridges

Acids/Bases ______________Causes a double replacement reaction where ions change partners with the positive and negative ions added. The addition of acid results in a further [straightening effect] on the protein chain

Heavy metal salts

salt bridges Since they are ionic, they disrupt salt bridges; the reaction typically leads to an [insoluble metal protein salt].

Reducing Agents

Disulfide bonds Split the bonds apart by adding [hydrogen atoms] to make the thiol group (-SH

Heat

Denatures proteins in bacteria, thereby [destroying the bacteria]

70% alcohol solution

Penetrates the bacterial cell wall and denatures the [proteins and enzymes] inside the cell

Acidic gastric juices

Causes the coagulation of milk by disrupting [salt bridges].

95% alcohol solution

Merely [coagulates the protein] on the outside of the cell wall, preventing alcohol from entering the cell