Psychology 1100 UConn, Eric Lundquist Final Exam

US

Unconditioned Stimulus (food in mouth), input to a reflex

UR

Unconditioned Response (Salivation to food) Output of reflex

CS

Conditioned Stimulus- (A bell)

CR

Conditioned Response, A response to the bell

Operant Conditioning

Trial and error or incremental learning, a response is strengthened by a reinforcement

Classical Conditioning

Pairing two stimuli together that eventually makes the response to one to both

Law of Effect

A response is strengthened by a reinforcement, and weakened by a punishment

Puzzle Box Experiment

This is when cats were in a box and had to find how they were fed

Operant vs Classical Conditioning

Reinforcement depends on response in operant, comes no matter what in classical. A behavior is learned in operant vs a Signal in classical. Operant uses consequences while classical uses contiguity
Classical goes CS, US, CR
Operant goes Stimulus, Response, Reinforcement

Skinner box

Box for Rats, measured the frequency of a response made my rats, easy and simple to conduct

Positive Reinforcement

Delivers a appetitive stimulus (food/approval)

Negative Reinforcement

Removes an aversive stimulus (No more shock or buzz)

Delay of Reinforcement

The longer it takes for a reinforcement to be given the weaker the response is

Discriminative Stimulus

Indicates under what circumstances a response will be reinforced, bar press only when light is on

Conditioned Reinforcer

A stimulus paired with a reinforcer, such as a clicker for training dogs being associated with a treat

Partial Reinforcement Effect

Reinforcing only some trials gets a stronger response than all trials

Four schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed Interval
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Variable Interval

Fixed Interval

Every certain time amount the subject can be reinforced (30 sec/bar press)

Fixed Ratio

When the subject gets reinforced every certain amount of presses (10 bar presses=food)

Variable Ratio

When the subject gets reinforced around an average amount (7,8,11,13 bar presses=food)

Variable Interval

Time is an average around a certain time increment (20,25,35,40 sec/bar press)

Shaping

Differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a desired response, (creates a new response slowly, like making a pigeon do a 360)

Chaining

Linking responses to allow training of complex behaviors (Takes responses already there and putting them together, like a dog show performance)

Contignecy

How the US depends on the CS, "probability of US in presence vs absence of CS" Rat shock experiment

Contiguity

Closeness in time to get a conditioned reflex, works with CS and US (Bell/food)

Rescorla's Experiment

Did the rat shocking experiment, 10/20/40 shock rats, proved contingency is what you need for classical conditioning

Extinction

When the CR declines and disappears over trials without the US

Spontaneous Recovery

After a rest interval, the extinct CR reappears, at almost previous strength

High Order Conditioning

1. Establish a CS (bell, saliva)
2. New CS paired with Old CS (tone, bell)
3. Eventually new CS is established

Generalization

Similar stimuli that produce similar responses

Discrimination

Different stimuli produce different responses (High tone vs low tone)

Belongingness

Biological preparedness to make certain associationns

Garcia Effect

Special area of learning that shows a learning for taste aversion

Seligman Learning helplessness

Dog A and B get shocked, only A can stop it, A learns to stop it while B learns to accept it

Tolman Latent Learning

Rats ran around a maze for 10 days, given food on the 11th, run fast on the 12th when they learn food is at the end

Episodic Memory

Events with a time and place. (Example: I saw an elephant at a zoo in 1988)

Genetic/Semantic Memory

Facts, concepts, meanings (Examples: An elephant has big, floppy, ears and a trunk

T or F: You can lose both genetic and semantic memory

False: You can only lose one or the other

Explicit Memory

A reference to a prior learning experience

Recall

"What were the words on the list you recall?"

Recognition

"Circle the words you saw earlier"

Implicit Memory

no conscious awareness of remembering. You will make generalizations, think differently about people based on memory but you do not realize it

Declarative Memory

Knowing that; mainly explicit, use of statements, (Example: knowing you ate dinner last night)

Procedural Memory

Knowing how, mainly implicit, (Example: Riding a bike/ play an instrument)

Hippocampus

Involved in making memory

Henry Mollerson:

a guy who could no longer remember. He stopped having seizures cannot remember. He didn't remember his parents dying, had to remind himself. Short term memory is fine as long as he was engaged in maintenance rehearsal.

Implications of Mollerson

- cannot make new explicit memory
- cannot make explicit long term memory
- elaborative rehearsal doesn't work
- trace consolidation doesn't transfer short memory to long term memory

Star Tracing Mirror Exercise:

I gradually get better at it: Henry Mollerson got gradually better at it like the rest of us. This tells us that the hippocampus does not have procedural memory

Does amnesia effect implicit memory?

No it does not

Amnesia and Explicit Memory

Amnesia patients cannot perform very well on these type of tasks

Loftus and Palmer Experiment. Is retrieving a memory like playing back a tape?

Conclusion: at least in part, memory involves reconstruction of remembered information
- Memory may be distorted by other information.
- Smash and Hit
- Glass on ground
- Association of Smash with smashed glass whereas hit does not have this association

Is memory alone reliable

No

Who can help bring back memories?

Therapists and they are trying to predict the victims of false memory

Sensation

Basic, primitive mental state corresponding to energies in environment, experience in the world. The sights, the sounds, and the smells of things

Perception

mental state corresponding to properties of objects and events in environment. Knowledge of the world.

Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies (Muller 1826)

quality of sensation (visual, auditory, touch, etc) Depends on which nerve fibers are stimulated not the stimulus itself

Wavelength from short to long

gamma, x-ray, UV, color, infred, microwave, radar, FM, TV, AM

Wavelength Colors

Short= Blue
Medium=green
Long= red

What is the color of electromagnetic radiation?

Does not have a color, color is created in brain

photoreceptors

light sensitive neurons in the retina of the eye that produces action potentials when stimulated by light

What are the two types of photo-receptors?

Cones and rods

Rods

used in low light conditions like nightimes: black and white only

Cones

Bright light conditions like daytime, color vision

What are the 3 types of cone cells sensitive to different wavelengths of light

Short (sensitive to blueish light)
Medium(sensitive to blueish light)
Long(most sensitive to reddish light) these action potentials to opponent process cells
- opponent processes are execution and inhibition)

3 types of opponent process cells in the visual system

- white/black: excited- you see white. inhibition: black
- Red/green: Excited: red Inhibited: Green
- Blue/yellow: Excited: blue inhibited: yellow

Trichromatic Theory

(Young-Helmholtz)
- all colors would be mixtures of blue, green, red, based on response of the cone types.

Problems with Trichromatic Theory

What about afterimages and yellow? Not currently our accepted theory

Process Theory

3 cone types but they are NOT blue, green, and red. More like violet, green, and yellow (short,medium,long wavelength cones)

Each responds to many wavelengths, but peak responses are

Short: 400nm
Medium: 530nm
Long: 560nm

Retina

consists of receptors (rods, cones), bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and some others`

What is the path of light?

Light enters through the pupil, then passes through the eyeball to the retina, then through the ganglia, bipolar etc then finally strikes receptors

Optic nerve

bundle of axons of ganglion cells, leading to the back of the eye to btain

Rods

very senitive, black and white(achromatic) night vision, mostly in periphery 120,000,000. They allow you too see during the dark cause it focuses more with little light

cones

less sensitive (chromatic) daytime vision, mostly in fovea 6,000,000