Baseline - Theorists

Norman Fairclough (2003)

Referred to texts as 'social events' that have causal effects

Stuart Hall (1973)

Sociologist, suggested the 'enconding/decoding' model of communication as a form of text analysis focussing on how texts are produced, distributed and received

Charles Ogden and Ivor Richards (1923)

The 'triangle of meaning' - a model of communication showing relationships between the thought, symbol and referent

Deborah Cameron (1995)

She suggested that prescriptivism is essentially 'linguistic purism'

Norman Fairclough (2000)

Interdiscursive analysis - seeing texts in terms of different discourses, genres and styles, bigger and smaller scale components

Rob Pope (1995)

He argued that all language analysis is a form of creativity, and that interpreting a text requires the text producer to recreate it for themselves

Michael Halliday (1960s)

Classifying verbs into processes; material (processes of doing and happening), mental (processes of sensing), verbal (processes of speech and external communication) and relational (processes of being and having, and can function as auxiliaries)

Fairclough (2001)

Powerful participants, power in discourse

Elizabeth Bates (1979)

Provided a metaphor of an iceberg for the total sense of a word, referring to schema (private meanings) and public meanings assigned by text producers in given contexts

Louise Rosenblatt (2005)

a 'linguistic-experiential reservoir' where people pull memories (schema) together to construct meaning

Fairclough - pronouns

Synthetic personalisation

Eleanor Rosch (1975)

People categorize objects by their similarity to a prototypical example of the category

George Lakoff (1987)

ICMs - Idealised Cognitive Models which are the prototypes we compare real examples to in 'prototype theory'

George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980)

Text producers use metaphors to make sense of otherwise challenging abstract constructs, by converting them to physical constructs

Professor Paul Werth (1980-90s)

Text world theory

Robert Hodge and Gunther Kress (1994)

Negation is 'a way of planting ideas without taking any responsibility for them'

John Austin (1975)

There are three elements of felicity conditions; required roles should be met, conventional procedures should be pre-existing, sincerity conditions

John Searle (1969)

Five groups of classifying speech acts; assertives (commit the soeaker to believe something), directives (try to get the hearer to perform an action), commissives (commit the soeaker to doing a future action), expressives (express how a speaker feels), declarations (change the state of the world in some way)

Labov's narrative categories

Abstract, orientation, complicating action, resolution, evaluation, coda

Erving Goffman (1969)

Face theory; we, as social creatures who depend upon one another to get things done, are concerned with how others see us and inposing on others

Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson (1987)

positive and negative face (and resulting politeness and FTAs)

Jonathon Culpeper (2011)

'impoliteness framework'; a series of strategies threatening or attacking face, effective based on social and power relationships of participants, and context of the discourse

Paul Grice (1975)

Co-operative principle; maxims of manner, quantity, quality and relation. These can be flouted flagrantly (unobserved, leading to miscommunication) or violated covertly (with intent to deceive the hearer so the implicature felies over their head)

Geoffrey Leech

Politeness maxims: tact, generosity, approbation, modesty, agreement, sympathy

Howard Giles

Communication Accomodation Theory: converging (up or down) and diverging

Sinclair and Coulthard (1975)

Exchange structure - adjacency triplet specifically, comprised of an initiation, response and feedback

Brown and Yule (1983)

Discourse can be transactional or interactional

Carrell (1988)

'the role of pre-existing knowledge structures in providing information left implicit in text'

David Hann

'Audience and readers bring a great deal to the process of communication'

Frederic Bartlett (British psychologist) (1930s)

Posited that memory is constructive, rather than a passive receptacle, for experience

Peter Stockwell (2002)

Suggested that scripts are a 'guideline' or social codes to use language and behaviour in a given situation

Niel Mercer (2000)

Interthinking: 'the joint coordinated intellectual activity which people regularly accomplish using language'

Lev Vygotsky (1962)

Influenced the interthinking theory and dinstinguished between intermental and intramental activity (social interaction and individual thinking respectively).

Mercer's three types of interthinking

cumulative - no arguments, only agreements; disputational - participants are arguing; exploratory thinking - making sense of something together, light disagreements and politeness