UCSPOL-1st-Quarter-Reviewer

Socialization

The process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, norms, and behaviors of a particular society or group.

Cultural Identity

The sense of belonging and identification with a particular cultural group, including nationality, ethnicity, religion, social class, and other social groups.

Cultural Background

The ethnic, religious, racial, gender, linguistic, or socioeconomic factors and values that shape an individual's upbringing.

Socio-economic Status

The level of an individual's social standing and financial position in society, determined by factors such as income, education, and occupation.

Socio-economic Class

The status of an individual from a sociological and economic perspective, based on their social position and wealth.

Ethnicity

The condition in which a social group belongs to a common national or cultural tradition, often characterized by shared racial, cultural, religious, or other traits.

Social Status

A person's standing or rank in the social ladder of stratification, based on factors such as prestige, power, and popularity.

Economic Status

A person's place in society's economic stratification, based on factors such as wealth, property, and total assets.

Society

A group of individuals who share a common culture, interact with one another, and live in a specific geographic area.

Culture

The shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a group or society.

Politics

The activities, actions, and policies used to gain and hold power in a government or to influence the government's policies and actions.

Social Phenomena

Observable patterns or behaviors that occur within a society, such as social norms, social institutions, and social movements.

Sociology

The study of society and social interactions, including the origin, evolution, and development of human society.

Social organization

The study of social groups, institutions, stratification, mobility, ethnic relations, and bureaucracy.

Social psychology

The study of human behavior and nature as a result of group life, personality formation, social attitudes, and collective behavior.

Social change

The study of changes in society and culture, and the factors resulting from such change.

Anthropology

The study of human's past and present, aiming to describe and explain human variation through time and across space.

Cultural anthropology

The study of human cultures, beliefs, ideas, technologies, economies, practices, values, and other spheres of social and rational organization.

Physical anthropology

The study of the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings, focusing on their relationships to non-human primates and their extinct hominid ancestors.

Archaeology

The study of the ancient and recent past of humans through material remains such as artifacts, fossils, and bone fragments.

Linguistic anthropology

The study of the relations between language and culture in relation to human biology, human reasoning, and human language.

Applied anthropology

The application of anthropological facts, perspectives, theories, and procedures in identifying, assessing, and solving social problems.

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Political theory

Focuses on the ideas of classical thinkers such as Aristotle, Niccolò Machiavelli, Cicero, and Plato among others.

Comparative politics

Deals with the evaluation and comparison of the doctrines of various constitutions, political actors, legislature, and other allied fields.

Public administration

Focuses on the implementation of government policies, the academic disciplines involved, and the principles governing civil servants working in the government.

International relations

Delve on nation-state's interactions including intergovernmental and transnational organizations.

Law

Governs the relationships between individuals and the government, and the relationships of individuals among themselves directly affecting society.

Political methodology

Focuses on the quantitative methods used in the study of politics combining Statistics, Mathematics, and formal theory.

Econometrics

The use of statistical and mathematical models to develop theories or test existing hypotheses in economics and to forecast future trends from historical data.

Sociology

The study of society and how societies are organized, how humans act together and among themselves.

Anthropology

The study of man and the development of society, providing data about ancient societies and contributing to the understanding of present society.

Political Science

Concerned with the political life of man, the principles of organization and government of human society, and has common grounds with sociology in certain areas.

Society

A group of people interacting with each other, sharing common culture, geographical or territorial domains, and having relatively common aspirations.

Plato

Laid his standards for an ideal society ruled by philosopher-kings assisted by equally and intellectually gifted "guardians."

Aristotle

Stated that man is self-sufficient and those who are unable to live in society and have no needs in life must be either "beasts" or "gods."

St

Described society's ultimate pilgrimage towards the kingdom of God, closely identified with the church.

Sir Thomas More

Coined the word "utopia" and described an ideal, imaginary island nation with its political system.

Anthropologists

Classify different societies throughout human history according to the degree to which they exhibit certain characteristics.

Pre-industrial societies

Societies characterized by their main economic activity being food production, divided into different types based on technology and method of producing food.

Hunting and gathering society

A type of pre-industrial society where food production is based on collecting wild plants and hunting wild animals on a daily basis.

Pastoral society

A type of pre-industrial society where food production is based on pastoralism, relying on domesticated herds of animals for food.

Horticultural society

A type of pre-industrial society where food production is based on raising fruits and vegetables in garden plots.

Agrarian society

Societies that applied agricultural technological advances to cultivate crops over a large area, leading to larger populations and the emergence of towns.

Feudal society

A society based on the ownership of land, where wealthy groups acquire lands and exploit peasants for food and services in exchange for protection.

Capitalism

An economic system characterized by free competition, free market, and the right to acquire private property.

Industrial Revolution

A period of increased efficiency and production in industrial societies, powered by machines and fueled by new energy sources.

Post-industrial societies

Advanced societies dominated by information, services, and high technology, with a shift towards service sectors over manufacturing and production.

Modern societies

Highly industrialized societies characterized by mass production, the use of money as a medium of exchange, and a reliance on financial institutions.

Culture

"That complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."

Material culture

Deals with the physical culture, including technology, artifacts, relics, and other tangible remains of cultural development.

Non-material culture

Deals with intangibles such as values, norms, beliefs, traditions, and customs that shape individuals and society.

Beliefs

Man's perception about the reality of things and shared ideas about how the world operates.

Values

Broad preferences of a person on the appropriate courses of action or decisions, reflecting a sense of right and wrong.

Norms

Society's standards of morality, conduct, propriety, ethics, and legality.

Folkways

Fairly weak forms of norms, habits, customs, and repetitive patterns of behavior.

Language

A system of communication used by a particular society, the most important tool of verbal communication.

Dialect

A particular form of a language unique to a specific region or social group.

Food

Any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body, a significant aspect of culture and a way to experience local culture.

Government

The aggregate of persons or groups of persons exercising control and authority in society.

Politics

The science of state and government, through which national power and authority are allocated to individuals and groups.

Clothing or Costume

The distinctive style of dress that reflects an individual or group's class, gender, profession, ethnicity, or nationality.

Religion

A unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, including ideas, doctrines, rituals, and ceremonies.

Education

The process of teaching or learning, which includes socialization and cultural learning.

Biological Similarities

The shared biological needs of all people, such as food, clothing, shelter, and healthcare.

Necessary Prerequisites for Social Being

The requirements that society must fulfill to function, including replacing members, teaching new members, and participation in production and distribution.

Psychic Unity of Mankind

The similarity of human beings in terms of emotions, such as the need for love, security, and language.

Geographical Environment

The limitations and factors of a people's environment, such as limited food and energy sources.

Cultural Diversity

The uniqueness and distinct features of every society, including cultural practices, values, and interests.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture is superior to others, often resulting in a failure to understand and value different cultures.

Cultural Relativism

The principle of regarding the beliefs, values, and practices of a culture from the viewpoint of that culture itself, to avoid cultural bias and ethnocentrism.

Biological Anthropology

The study of variations of the human species and their physical characteristics, including the study of different races.

Relative Dating

A dating method that compares the age of an artifact or human remains to the age of others that have already been determined, to determine if something is younger or older.

Absolute Dating

A more precise dating method that narrows down the age of an artifact or remains to within a few years.

Radiocarbon Dating Method

A method of absolute dating that measures the radioactive carbon or Carbon 14 in living beings to determine their age.

Potassium Argon (K–Ar) Dating

A radiometric dating method that measures the decay of potassium into argon in inorganic materials like rocks and minerals.

Uranium-Series Dating

The most accurate and reliable dating method that uses radiogenic isotopes to determine the age of artifacts or remains.

Geology

The science that studies the solid Earth, its rock composition, and the processes of changes.

Geologic Time

The division of Earth's history into time blocks called eras, which are further divided into epochs and periods.

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenezoic

The three geologic eras, with Cenezoic being the era when primates evolved.

Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene

The epochs within the Cenezoic era that are crucial to the emergence of the human being.

Tertiary Period

The period within the Cenezoic era when present life began to develop and large mammals were dominant.

Paleontology

The scientific study of life in the past, particularly through fossils.

Darwin's Evolution Theory of Natural Selection

Charles Darwin's theory that species evolve through the process of natural selection.

Evolution of Man

The process of biological evolution that man underwent as an animal, resulting in shared characteristics with other animals in the past.

Evolution of Primates

The common traits and evidence of common ancestry shared by man and other present primates, suggesting they may have come from the same distant ancestors.

Tree Shrew

A small mammal with human-like features, referred to as an insectivore.

Tarsier

An arboreal primate with developed tarsal bones at the foot.

Lemur

A primate with a long snout and dog-like nostrils.

Loris

A nocturnal and arboreal primate from the lorisidae family.

Oligocene epoch

A geological epoch that paved the way for the emergence of monkeys and early apes.

Oligocene Catarrhines

Early apes composed of two jaw fragments and other bones, including the Parapithecus and Propliopithecus.

Aegyptopithecus

A small monkey-like skull fossil found in Fayum, Egypt, estimated to be 28-30 million years old and considered a probable ancestor to later hominoid forms.

Miocene

A period of environmental conditions favorable to arboreal primates, with rainforests covering most of Asia, Africa, and Europe.

Dryopithecus

A genus of primates that dispersed widely during the Miocene, with members including the Orangutan (genus Pongo) and chimpanzees/gorillas (genus Pan).

Pliopithecus

A very early proto-ape with features similar to a gibbon, considered ancient relatives of gibbons and siamangs.

Proconsul

A Miocene fossil ape classified as a dryopithecine and viewed as an ancestor of chimpanzees and gorillas.

Gigantopithecus

A massive ape, possibly descended from Dryopithecus Indicus, with a mode of feeding called "graminivorous" and considered the largest known primate.

Oreopithecus bambolii

Directly related to Dryopithecus, bipedal but not in the same way as Australopithecus, with a high pelvis.

Silvapthecus (Ramapithecus)

A genus of extinct primates that lived in the Miocene, formerly considered the oldest ancestors of humans but no longer accepted.