EES 104 and 112 Mineral and Rock identification Review (copy)

Sulfur (Mineral)

Mineral 9

Non-Metallic Luster Light

Hardness: 1-1.5

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Yellow to Red

• Streak: Yellow

• Cleavage: Absent

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• Chemicals; fertilizer manufacture

Smells like eggs

Massive

Magnetite (Mineral)

Mineral 18

Metallic Luster

Hardness: 6

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Black

• Streak: Black to dark to gray

• Cleavage: ?

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• Banded sedimentary formations; magnetic segregation

Magnetic, dense feel

Muscovite Mica (Mineral)

Mineral 1

Non-Metallic Luster Light

Hardness: 2-3

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Brown, yellow, or white

• Streak: Colorless

• Cleavage: Present

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• Insulator in electrical applications; computer chips

Biotite Mica (Mineral)

Mineral 11

Non-Metallic Luster Dark

Hardness: 2.5-3

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Brown to black color

• Streak: Brown to white

• Cleavage: Present

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• N/A

Layery/Sheets

Pearly Luster

Gelena (Mineral)

Mineral 10

Metallic Luster

Hardness: 2.5

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Silver, blue-black to lead gray

• Streak: Black to dark gray

• Cleavage: 1 (difficult to see) Cubic

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• Hydrothermal deposits

Heavy/Dense

Pyrite (Mineral)

Mineral 6

Metallic Luster

Hardness: 6-6.5

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Brass, yellow

• Streak: Black to dark

• Cubic crystals/cleavage

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• N/A

Straited

Chunk crystals

Looks like gold

Talc (Mineral)

Mineral 8

Non-Metallic Luster Light

Hardness: 1

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Gray to white

• Streak: White

• Cleavage: Present

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• Powder used in paints, cosmetics

Soapy feel in powered form

Not translucent

Oily/greasy feel

Gypsum (Mineral)

Mineral 2

Non-Metallic Luster Light

Hardness: 2

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: White, gray or commonly pink

• Streak: White, transparent to translucent

• Cleavage: One, may be identified easily. Present.

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• Wall board; plaster of Paris; drywall; sheetrock

Softer than fingernail

Calcite (Mineral)

light, but can be any color, will fizz, H= 3, rhombohedral, mineral 22

Mineral 22

Non-Metallic Luster Dark

Hardness: 3

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: White or pale-yellow

• Streak: White

• Cleavage: Rhombohedral. Present

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• Fertilizer; soil conditioner; cement; building stone; chemicals; steelmaking; aggregate

Will fizz

Can be any color

Halite (Mineral)

Mineral 24

Non-Metallic Luster Dark

Hardness: 2-2.5

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Clear to White

• Streak: Colorless

• Cleavage: Cubic. Present. 3 planes.

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• Table salt; chemicals; ice control (road salt)

Cubic crystals

Salty

Translucent

OLIVINE (Mineral)

Mineral 3

Non-Metallic Luster Dark

Hardness: 6.5-7

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Shades of green, oxidizes to orange-brown

• Streak: Colorless

• Cleavage: Absent

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• Gemstones; silicon for silicon computer chips.

Sugary texture

Granular feeling and appearance

Greenish

CHALCOPYRITE (Mineral)

Mineral 4

Metallic Luster

Hardness: 3.5-4

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Brass yellow-green

• Streak: Black to dark grey

• Cleavage: ?

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• Hydrothermal deposits; contact metamorphism; enrichment by weathering processes

Tarnishes to bronze or purple

Brassy goldish color

Doesn’t scrape glass

Conchoidal Fracture

Brown purplish tarnish

Striations (M)

diagnostic, lines in a cubic rock, ex-mineral 13 NOT white lines, they typically reflect in light

QUARTZ (Mineral)

Minerals 5, 12, 14

Non-Metallic Luster Light

Hardness: 7

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Various

• Streak: Colorless

• Cleavage: Absent

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• Primary ingredient in glass; gemstones

Can be amethyst or rose

Only conchoidal fracture

GARNET (Mineral)

Mineral 7

Non-Metallic Luster Dark

Hardness: 6.5-7.5

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Red, brown, yellow

• Streak: Colorless

• Cleavage: Absent

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• Abrasives; gemstones

Reddish-purple/brown

Glassy

12-24 sided crystals

FLOURITE (Mineral)

Mineral 17

Non-Metallic Luster Light

Hardness: 4

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Violet, green, yellow or clear

• Streak: Colorless

• Cleavage: Present

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• Steelmaking; aluminum refining; flass; chemicals

Purplish clear to green to yellow

Can be confused with amethyst, or other quartz

Four cleavages

Glasses and translucent

HEMATITE (Mineral)

Mineral 19

Metallic Luster

Hardness: Some <5, most 5-6.5

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Dark brown to steel gray, tarnishes red

• Streak: Red to brown

• Cleavage: ?

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• Banded sedimentary formations; megnetic segregation

Rusty reddish to silvery

Metallic or non metallic appearance

Red-brown streak is diagnostic

LABRODORITE FELDSPAR (Mineral)

Mineral 13

Non-Metallic Luster Dark

Hardness: 6-6.5

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Gray to blue-gray or black color; shows play of colors

• Streak: Yellow

• Cleavage: Present - 2 cleavages @ approximately 90°

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• Porcelain; glass; ceramics

Visible striations

Blueish

ORTHOCLASE FELDSPAR (M)

Mineral 16

Non-Metallic Luster Light

Hardness: 6-6.5

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Pink or pearly

• Streak: Colorless

• Cleavage: Present - 2 cleavages @ approximately 90°

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• Porcelain; glass; ceramics

Visible striations

White to reddish brown

ALBITE FELDSPAR (Mineral)

Mineral 15

Non-Metallic Luster Light

Hardness: 6-6.5

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: White to gray

• Streak: Colorless

• Cleavage: Present - 2 cleavages @ approximately 90°

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• Porcelain; glass; ceramics

Striations

Crystal like formations

SPHALERITE (Mineral)

Mineral 20

Metallic Luster

Hardness: 3.5-4

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Dark-brown with sub-metallic luster

• Streak: Yellow to brown

• Cleavage: Present. 6 cleavage planes

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• Hydrothermal deposits

Yellowish-brown streak on PORCELIN plate

Submetallic

Sulphury smell when ground

AUGITE (PYROXENE) (Mineral)

Mineral 21

Non-Metallic Luster Dark

Hardness: 5-6, may scratch glass

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Dark green to black

• Streak: Colorless

• Cleavage: Present - 2 cleavages @ approximately 90°

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• N/A

Dark green to black tubby crystals

Like hornblende but not splintery

HORNBLENDE (Mineral)

Mineral 23

Non-Metallic Luster Dark

Hardness: 5-6

Other Properties (color, cleavage, streak):

• Color: Dark green to black

• Streak: Colorless

• Cleavage: Present - 2 cleavafes @ 60° and 120°

Use from Table 4 (if appropriate)

• N/A

Dark green to black elongate crystals

HAS splintery lines

Pumice (i)

Frothy, grayish white, used to have gas bubbles, felsic, vesicular, Rock 7

Scoria (i)

vesicular, brown to black, principal content to cinder cones, mafic, Rock 3

Obsidian

glassy, felsic, conchoidal fractures, used to make arrow heads, Rock 8

Phaneritic

Coarse grained, large visible crystals, intrusive

Granite (I)

Felsic, light colored overall, can be whitish to pinkish, contains glassy quartz, feldspars and black biotite, intrusive, Phaneritic, Rock 5 AND 6

Diorite (i)

phaneritic, salt and pepper, intermediate, biotite and hornblende, quartz, feldspars for lighter minerals, intrusive, Rock, 10

Gabbro (i)

Phaneritic, mafic, pyroxene, hornblende, and maybe olivine, intrustive, rock 1

Aphanitic

Fine grained, extrusive, crystals not visible to naked eye

Rhyolite (i)

Aphanitic, felsic, massive, feldspar or hornblende, may be vesicular, extrusive, rock 2

Andesite (i)

Aphanitic, greyish, brownish, or greenish, massive, may have flow banding, intermediate, extrusive, rock

Basalt (i)

Aphanitic, Black, grey or greenish black, massive, unlayered, unfoliated, may be vesicular, extrusive, mafic, rock 9

Pegmatitic (I)

extremely coarse grained, common in eastern CT, usually feldspar, quartz and mica, rock 11

Porphyritic (i)

extrusive, fine grained, between phaneritic and aphanitic, had large visible crystal chunks in it usually feldspar, quartz, biotite, hornblende, pyroxene. Rock 4

Coal (S)

Uniform, very fine, shiny, black, light weight, possible plant remains, Rock 27

Coquina (S)

focilifferous limestone, Shelly, harsh, compacted(lithified) together. Does fizz, rock 18, 22, 24

Conglomerate (s)

rounded pebbles are dominate clast type

Breccia (S)

Angular clasts are dominant clast type

Chalk (S)

whitish to Grey, write with it, will fizz, very fine grained, rock 21

Chert (S)

greyish to creamy white, conchoidal fractures, high silica content, native American used for tools, dark colored chert is called flint, rock 26

Shale (S)

very fine grained, lithified mud, smooth feeling, often Grey to black toned, bedded, rock 25

Siltstone (S)

More gritty than shale but still fine grained, usually light toned, rock 16

Sandstone (S)

feels like sandpaper, light toned, usually can see compacted sand grains, rock 17

Arkose (arkosic sandstone) (S)

rusty appearing, gritty, small feldspar/mica grains, rock 23

Fossiliferous limestone (S)

will fizz, contains fossils of some sort, light brown tones

Slate (Meta)

planar foliation, any color possible, often grey-black, minerals not visible to eye, not reflectant, can be confused with shale, harder edges, rock 37

Phyllite (Meta)

foliation is a bit more wavy, sheen, minerals not visible to eye, micas, rock 38

Schist (Meta)

minerals are very visible, glittery micas, garnet chunks, wavy foliated, rock 36

Gneiss (Meta)

foliated, banded (stripey) can be light (feldspars, and quartz) or dark toned (hornblende, biotite, pyroxene) rock 40

Augen Gneiss (Meta)

Gneiss but has large eye like crystals in banding, usually feldspars, metamorphosed intrusive igneous rocks, rock 42

Quartzite (Meta)

Non-foliated, massive, sugary and crystal texture, will not fizz, hard like quartz, recrystalized from sandstone and quartz, rock 41

Marble (Meta)

Non-foliated, massive sugary texture, recrystalized from limestone/calcite, whitish cream to reddish pink, rock 39

Luster

then way light reflects off the rock, (glossy, metallic, dull)

Cleavage

how the mineral splits on a perfect plane, conchoidal fractures too

Foliation

planes in which rock will split

Clasts

particles, pebbles, angular, rounded

Streak

color of rock when powdered

Protolith

original/parent rock

Schist Protolith

Shale, siltstone

Slate Protolith

Shale, Siltstone

Phyllite Protolith

Shale, siltstone

Marble Protoloth

Limestone

Gneiss Protoloith

Shale, granite, any igneous rock, many possibilities

Quartzite protolith

Sandstone

Augen gneiss protolith

intrusive igneous rock

Igneous rock

Molten rock cools and solidifies

sedimentary rock

Deposition of particles that get cemented together

Metamorphic rock

high heat, high pressure, and hot mineral rich fluids cause a chemical change in rocks

Mineral

inorganic substance of natural occurance