biology-respiratory system

studied byStudied by 9 people
0.0(0)
Get a hint
Hint

what is respiration

1 / 72

flashcard set

Earn XP

73 Terms

1

what is respiration

process in which body allows for oxygen delivery in cells to break down glucose and CO2 removal from cells out of body that is exhaled out of the lungs and is all done by respiratory system

New cards
2

requirements for respiration to occur

1 surface area or respiratory surface (for large amounts of gas exchange at fast enough rates to meet bodies needs )

2 moist environment (so O2 and CO2 can be dissolved in water)

New cards
3

what are the stages of respiration

breathing, external respiration, internal respiration, cellular respiration

New cards
4

first stage of respiration and funtion

breathing-inspiration (breathing) aka moving air from external environment into lungs and expiration (exhaling) aka moving air from lungs back into external enviroment

New cards
5

second stage of respiration and function

external respiration- exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood

New cards
6

third stage of respiration and function

internal respiration- exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between body tissues and cells

New cards
7

fourth stage of respiration and function

cellular respiration- series of energy releasing chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP or energy that can be used around body.

New cards
8

what is the main principle organ in respiration

the lungs, located deep in the body

New cards
9

what are lungs protected by

thoracic cavity

New cards
10

what is the thoracic cavity

a bone and muscular structure used to protect the lungs

New cards
11

where does thoracic originate from

greek word meaning chest place

New cards
12

what is the respiratory tract

passageway that air moves from external environment to respiratory surface

New cards
13

what does upper respiratory tract include

nose, mouth, nasal passages, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and trachea

New cards
14

what is the nasal passage

first organ of respiration, main function is to warm, moisten and clean incoming air. lined with mucus producing cells that trap foreign particles and ciliated particles which move these particles. (these particles can include bacteria and dust)

New cards
15

what are the turbinate bones

very thin bones, that project into nasal cavity and increase surface area of cilia, for warming air and removing particles

New cards
16

what is the pharynx

second organ of respiration. known as throat, passageway for air getting into respiratory system as well as passageway for food and water to get into digestive system

New cards
17

what is the epiglottis

third organ of respiration, flap of cartilage that lies behind tongue and above the larynx that closes over opening of trachea (glottis).

New cards
18

what is epiglottis function

When a person swallows epiglottis prevents food and water from entering trachea and passing into lungs. When a person is at rest epiglottis is up right, allowing air to pass to lower respiratory tract

New cards
19

What is the larynx

“voice box'“ made from cartilage and contained vocal chords

New cards
20

how do vocal chords work

when you breath, there is a large gap between them but when you speak, muscles around them contract causing them to come closer together and vibrate- producing sound or pitch

New cards
21

what is pitch

determined on length of vocal cords which determine a higher or lower pitch. (longer the chords the lower or deeper the pitch.

New cards
22

what is the trachea

“windpipe” that extends from larynx to the bronchi that is strengthened by cartilage arches that prevent it from collapsing.- open section of semicircle cartilage fases the esophagus to allow it to expand for the swallowing of food

New cards
23

structures of the lower respiratory tract

lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and capillaries

New cards
24

primary organ of respiration and what does it contain

lungs-contain the bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli.

New cards
25

how are lungs divided

divided into regions called lobes.

New cards
26

number of lobes per lung

right contains 3 lobes and left contains 2 lobes to have space for the heart.

New cards
27

what is the pleural membrane

thin, double layered membrane that surrounds each lung (outer membrane attaches to chest wall and inner membrane attached to outside of lung

New cards
28

what does pleural membrane do

they adhere to each other allowing lungs to expand and draw in air when volume of chest cavity is increased as well space between membranes contains fluid to reduce friction during inhalation

New cards
29

what are the bronchi

the branching of the trachea (2 bronchi) that enter left and right lung

New cards
30

what are bronchi made of

contain c shaped cartilage rings that provide support as part of the bronchus wall

New cards
31

what does bronchi branch into

smaller network of fine tubes called bronchioles within each lung

New cards
32

what are bronchi and bronchioles lined with

cilia and mucous producing cells

New cards
33

what do cilia do in the bronchi and bronchioles

movies foreign particles upward to upper resp. tract to be ejected by coughing, sneezing or swallowing

New cards
34

what does mucous do in the bronchi and bronchioles

captures and traps particles and pathogens

New cards
35

structure of alveoli

cluster of tiny sacs and the end of each bronchiole which forms spongy lung tissue. composed of single layer of cells for rapid gas exchange occurring in external respiration. surrounded by network of capillaries.

New cards
36

function of alveoli

functional part units of lungs. During inhalation alveoli are bubble shaped but during expiration tiny sacs collapse.

New cards
37

what causes alveoli to not stick together

film of fat called lipoprotein preventing membranes from sticking

New cards
38

what are capillaries

tiny blood vessels that surround the alveoli, only one cell thick and connect arteries and veins

New cards
39

concentration of oxygen in capillaries and alveoli

air that enters alveoli have a higher concentration of oxygen then blood in capillaries. oxygen diffuses out of alveoli and into blood of capillaries

New cards
40

what transfers the oxygen

diffusion transports most of oxygen but about 30% of oxygen is transported by facilitated diffusion where protein molecules “carry” oxygen across cell membrane. not requiring more energy but speeding up process

New cards
41

where does external respiration take place

in the lungs

New cards
42

process of external respiration

  1. oxygen diffuses into the blood of capillaries to begin journey to heart and to be pumped into tissues

  2. carbon dioxide diffuses from blood in capillaries to alveoli in lungs to be released into external environment

New cards
43

where does internal respiration take place

takes place in body tissues

New cards
44

process of internal respiration

  1. oxygen diffuses from the blood into oxygen-poor tissues

  2. carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue to blood -to heart

New cards
45

first step of oxygen transport

oxygen moves from atmosphere (high partial pressure) to alveoli then diffuses into blood and dissolves in the plasma

New cards
46

what increases solubility of oxygen into the blood

hemoglobin

New cards
47

what is hemoglobin

respiratory pigment of red blood cells the increase the oxygen carrying capacity of blood (20mL—100mL)

New cards
48

what does hemoglobin consist of

4 polypeptides composed of heme (iron containing pigment) and globin(protein component)

New cards
49

bond between oxygen and hemoglobin

when oxygen dissolves into plasma, hemoglobin forms weak bond with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin

New cards
50

what does the amount of oxygen binding depend on

partial pressure . -in lungs around 13.3 KPa, thus blood leaving lungs is nearly saturated in oxygen

New cards
51

what happens to partial pressure as it enters capillaries

as it enters capillaries in tissues, partial pressure drops to about 5.3 KPa, (drop in pressure causes dissociation or split of oxygen from hemoglobin and oxygen diffuses into tissues.)

New cards
52

solubility of carbon dioxide

20 times more soluble than oxygen (approximately 23% of CO2 is carried in blood by hemoglobin, 7% is carried by plasma, 70% is dissolved and carried in in blood as bicarbonate ions (H2CO3))

New cards
53

reaction of CO2 and H2O in blood

carbon dioxide and water combine to form bicarbonate ions with enzyme carbonic anhydrase

New cards
54

concentration of carbon dioxide in blood from tissues

the concentration decreases (CO2) in plasma, maintaining low partial pressure so that CO2 continues to diffuse into blood from tissues

New cards
55

what do acids in the blood do

can create problem and change pH of blood resulting in death and must be buffered

New cards
56

what happens to unstable carbonic acid

it dissociates to bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions, then hemoglobin binds with hydrogen to act as a buffer

New cards
57

what happens to hemoglobin and hydrogen

once the venous (deoxygenated) blood reaches lungs oxygen dislodges H+ and hemoglobin and free H+ and bicarbonate ions combine to form CO2 and water again. Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli to be exhaled

New cards
58

what controls air pressure in lungs

the diaphragm and rib muscles contracting and relaxing

New cards
59

what is the diaphragm

dome shaped layer of muscle that separates thoracic cavity (region of lungs) from abdominal cavity (region of stomach and liver)

New cards
60

what are rib muscles

INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES- found between ribs and along ventral or inside surface of ribs

New cards
61

what is inspiration

(inhalation)

New cards
62

process of inhalation

begins with nerve stimulus that causes external intercostal muscles of ribs to contract, lifting rib cage up and out and at the same time diaphragm contracts to pull downward.

New cards
63

what do the intercostal muscles contracting and the diaphragm contracts to pull downwards heffect

this causes an increase in volume of thoracic cavity and increase of gas molecules spread apart (less outward pressure) This change in pressure causes the walls of the lungs to expand outward into the thoracic cavity and air to rush into the lungs form the external.

New cards
64

what is expiration

exhalation

New cards
65

actions of diaphragm and intercostal muscles

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and internal intercostal muscles contract - reducing volume of thoracic cavity

New cards
66

what does the change in pressure during exhalation cause

pressure will increase in lungs and air will be forced out of lungs to the low pressure of the environment

New cards
67

what is pneumothorax

when air accumulates inside chest space between plural membranes that line the lungs and inner chest wall

New cards
68

effects of pneumothorax

pressure of air causes lung to collapse, normally caused by puncturing injury or lung damage (treatment is inserting a needle or chest tube between ribs to get rid of excess air)

New cards
69

what are breathing movements controlled by

chemoreceptors (nerve receptors, in medulla oblongata and detects levels if CO2)

New cards
70

tidal volume

volume of air inhaled and exhaled on a normal breath

New cards
71

inspiratory reserve volume

additional amount of air that can be taken into lungs beyond regular tidal inhalation

New cards
72

expiratory reserve volume

additional amount of air tha can be expelled

New cards
73
New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 6 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 7 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 96 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 23 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 7 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 3 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 78 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 635 people
... ago
5.0(3)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (25)
studied byStudied by 15 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (99)
studied byStudied by 21 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (47)
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (36)
studied byStudied by 1 person
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (57)
studied byStudied by 27 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (123)
studied byStudied by 6 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (59)
studied byStudied by 35 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (24)
studied byStudied by 32 people
... ago
5.0(1)
robot