so many tears

pre ap test 3 that had me crying for an hour

**Grand Canal**

Shipping conduit between the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers in China built by the Sui Dynasty

paper

Han era development - diffused westward via the Silk Road

**Pax Romana**

“Peace of Rome” - golden age from approximately 46 BCE - 185 CE where Roman control spread to territories on three continents

**Architectural Achievements: Rome**

Aqueducts, roads, cements, Coliseum, Circus Maximus

**Han Dynasty Architectural Achievement**

great wall

**Greek Architectural Achievements**

Acropolis, Parthenon 

**Pericles**

Athenian Golden Age leader - associated with democracy 

**Mauryan Empire**

South Asian Empire: 322 BCE - 185 BCE

**Han Dynasty**

Chinese Dynasty: 202 BCE - 220 CE

**The Gupta Empire**

South Asian Empire: 350 - 543 CE

**Sui Dynasty**

Chinese Dynasty: 581-618 CE

**The Xiongnu**

300 BCE- 450 CE - a nomadic group from modern Mongolia 

**Hellenistic Civilization**

Mixing of Greek with non Greek culture.  Arose in the successor kingdoms after Alexander the Great’s death

**Acropolis**

 fortified hill - found in the center of a polis

**The Persian Wars**

Conflict containing the battles of Marathon and Thermopylae

**The Peloponnesian War**

fought between Athens and its allies and Sparta and its allies (430 - 404 BCE) 

**The Roman Empire**

Large empire that covered parts of Europe, Africa and the Middle East; existed from 14 BCE - 476 CE;  conquered peoples were incorporated into the Legions; products from various provinces created a diverse economy 

**Reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire**

Political weakness, military decline, economic problems, invasions

**Gupta Empire Achievements**

Concept of zero; hospitals; capital at Pataliputra 

**Greek geography**

Mountains; arid terrain; Aegean and Mediterranean Seas and many islands had the effect of creating independent city states that shared a common culture 

**Aryabhata**

Indian scientist believed to be the first to use algebra 

**Legacy of Rome**

Law, architecture, language, Christianity, engineering

**Constantinople**

Located where Europe meets Asia - newer capital of the Roman Empire established by Constantine - Ideal site for trade and well protected with natural barriers

**Theodosius**

named Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire

**Constantine**

ended the persecution of Christians; moved the capital of the Roman Empire eastward 

**The Silk Road**

Major trade route that connected Han China to the Roman Empire and beyond 

**Legalism**

Harsh system of law that preceded the Han period 

**Confucianism**

Helped do away with Legalism in China; system of 5 relationships (superior/inferior) and meritocracy

**Sparta**

Life revolved around the army; arose in the Peloponnesus; discouraged trade

Athens

Focus on education (for males), arose in Attica; only 20% were citizens 

**Carthage**

located in Northern Africa - Rome’s opponent in the Punic Wars (264-146 BCE)

**Caesar**

General and dictator of the Roman Republic - member of the first Triumvirate along with Crassus and Pompey

**Octavian/Augustus** 

First emperor of Rome (ally of Caesar)

Socrates

Philosopher; questioning teaching technique

Plato

Student of Socrates; skeptical of democracy and the use of the senses to understand the world - believer in the use of reason and logic

**Aristotle**

Student of Plato; classification of animals and early science 

Patricians

Roman upper class - member of the Senate

**Plebeians**

Roman lower class that included some wealthy members 

**Tribunes**

Representatives for the Plebeians in the Roman senate

**Tragedies/Comedies** 

Genres of Greek drama - reason triumphs over evil and satire