lab manual exercise 6 & 7

epithelial tissues

sheet of cells that cover body surface or lines a body cavities

epithetial tissues occur in the body as

covering and lining epithelium / grandular epithelium

types of tissue

1. connective

2. epithelium

3. muscle

4. nerve

function of epithelium

1. protection

2. absorption

3. excretion

4. secretion (unique to glandular epithelium)

5. sensory receptor

polarity of epithelium

1. apical surface

2. basal surface

3. basement membrane

apical surface

once side of cell membrane is free and different, exposed to surface or lumen

basal surface

other sides of cell membrane, attached to the underlying basement membrane

basement membrane

acellular secretory material by epithelium cells (basal lamina) and connective tissue (reticular lamina) lie next to each other

specialized contact of epithelium

cells fit close together to form sheet bounded by specialized junction

epithelium supported by connective tissue

cells supported by adhesive basement membrane

epithelium: avascular but innervated

supplied by nerve but no blood supply of their own

depend on diffusion of nutrients from underlying connective tissue

regeneration: epithelium

divide easily; important for abrasion

types of epithelia

1. simple

2. stratified

3. pseudostratified

4. transitional

simple epithelium

epithelia consist of 1 layer of cells attached to basement membrane

stratified epithelia

consist of 2 or more layer of cell

pseudostratified epithelium

simple columnar

often ciliated

nuclei lie at different levels above the basement membrane = give false appearance of being stratified

may contain mucus-secreting goblet cells and bear cilia

3 types of cell shape

1. squamous

2. cubodial

3. columnar

squamous

disc-shaped

cuboidal

cubelike with large central nuclei

columnar

column-shaped with oval nuclei, some bear cilia or mucus-secreting unicellular gland

transitional epithelium

made of round stratified squamous epithelium

cell slides over one other to allow organs to be stretched

superficial cell ( transitional epithelium)

flat when organ is full & round when organ is empty

endocrine gland

ductless gland and secrete hormones into extracellular fluid

exocrine gland

retain duct and secretion empty through duct to body surface or body cavities

function of simple squamous epithelium

allows material to pass by diffusion and filtration

function of simple cuboidal epithelium

secretion and absorption

function of simple columnar epithelium

absorption; secretion of mucus, enzyme and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus by ciliary action

function of pseudostratified ciliated columnar

secrete substances (mucus) ; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

stratified squamous epithelium

thick membrane composed of several cell layers

basal cells = cuboidal/ columnar (active in mitosis)

surface cell = squamous cells ( keratin and dead)

function of stratified squamous epithelium

protect underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

stratified cuboidal

two layers of cubical cells for protection

stratified columnar

basal cell= cubical

superficial cells elongated and columnar

protection/secretion

transitional epithelium

resembles Both stratified cubiodal and squamous cell

basal = cubiodal or columnar

connective tissue

present as discrete structure (most abundant )

4 main type of connective

1. connective tissue proper

   a. loose connective tissue

   b. dense connective tissue

2. cartilage

3. bone

4. blood

loose connective tissue

1. areolar

2. adipose

3. reticular

dense connective tissue

1. dense regular

2. dense irregular

3. elastic

function of connection tissue

1. protect

2. support

3. insulate

4. bind other tissue

areolar connective tissue

soft pack-aging material that cushions and protect body organs

adipose tissue

provides insulation for body tissue and a source stored energy

organ of connective tissue

all derived from mesenchyme in embryo

vascularity of connective tissue

rich in blood supply except cartilage (avascular) and dense connective tissue (poor vascularize)

extracellular matrix (connective tissue)

cellular non-living material btw cells

amt of matrix varied in different connective tissue

two component of extracellular matrix

ground substance and fibers

ground substance

made of extracellular fluid, cell adhesion protein and proteoglycans

lacunae

when matrix is firm and hard as bone, forms cavity in matrix

fibers

1. collagen fibers (white)

2. elastic fibers (yellow)

3. reticular fibers (fine collagen) provide support

fibroblast cells

secrete its matrix ; other white blood cell types are presented

bones, cartilage and other dense connective tissue

compose of firm matrix and more fibers

All CT are variation of areolar CT

embryonic connective tissue: mesenchyme

gel-like ground substance containing fibers; star-shaped mesenchyme cells

function of embryonic connective tissue: mesenchyme

give rise to all other Connective tissue type

loose connective tissue areolar

gel-like matrix with three fibers type, mast cell and some white blood cell

function of loose connective tissue areolar

wrap and cushion organs; plays important role in inflammation; holds and convey tissue fluid

loose connective tissue, adipose

matrix as in areolar but closely packed fat cells with nucleus pushed onto the side

function of loose connective tissue, adipose

provided reserve fuel; insulate against heat loss; support and protect organs

loose connective tissue ,reticular

network of reticular fibers in a loose ground substance, reticular cells lie on network

function of loose connective tissue ,reticular

fiver form a soft internal skeletal that support other cell types including white blood cell, mast cell and macrophages

mast cell

a type of immune cell

dense regular connective tissue

parallel collagen fires; few elastic fiber; major fibroblast

function of dense regular connective tissue

attach muscle to bone withstand great tensile stress when pulling force applied el

elastic connective tissue

dense regular connective tissue contain a high proportion of elastic fiber

function of elastic connective tissue

allow recoil of tissue following stretching; maintain pulsatile flow of blood; aid passive recoil of lungs following inspiration

dense irregular connective tissue

irregular arranged collagen fibers, elastic fiber and fibroblast

function of dense irregular connective tissue

withstand tension exerted in many direction; provides structural strength

hyaline (cartilage)

Amorphous but firm matrix produced by
chondroblasts /chondrocytes
• Most of embryonic skeleton
• Covers the end of long bones in cavities
• Costal cartilage of ribs, nose, trachea and larynx
• Resist compression

elastic cartilage

Similar to Hyaline cartilage but more elastic fibers in
matrix
• Maintains shape with flexibility-Ex. auricle, epiglottis

fibrocartilage

Matrix is similar to Hyaline but less firm
• Thick Collagen fibers predominate
• Intervertebral disks Pubic symphysis, knee joint discs

bone (osseous tissue)

hard, calcified matrix contain many collagen fivers

osteoblast/osteocytes lie in the lacunae

well vascularized

function of bone (osseous tissue)

bone support and protect

provides lever for muscle to act on

store calcium and other minerals and fats

marrow is the site of hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)

types of white blood cell

granulocytes and agranulocytes

granulocytes

1. neutrophil

2. eosinophil

3. basophil

neutrophil

helps in phagocyotosis

eosinophil

fight against parasitic infection

basophil

product inflammatory and allergic reaction

agranuloctyes

lymphocyte and monocyte

lymphoctye

produce specific immune response

monocytes

fight bacteria, virus and fungi

neurons

Receives stimuli, generates
electrical signals and
transmits to other parts of
body.
• Cell structure composed of
cell body containing nucleus
and elongated cytoplasmic
process , as long as 1 meter

neuroglia cell

surround the neuron and support, protect and insulate the neuron

muscle tissue type

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

skeletal muscle

attach to skeleton

voluntary control

long cylindraical cell, multinucleate

non branching and has striation

cardiac muscle

found in heart only

involuntary control

uninucleate cell

stratified but interdigitate at cell junction called intercalated disc

smooth muscle

Found in the walls of hollow organs such as digestive tracts, urinary tracts, uterus, blood vessels
• Smooth muscles in these organs are of two layers run at right angles .
• Thus, smooth muscle contraction constricts and dilates the lumen of these organs facilitating expulsion of lumen
content.
• Contain uninucleated cells, spindle shaped, no striations (hence smooth muscle).
• Involuntary control

integrument system

consist of multiple organs, skin, accessory organs

skin has two distinct region

superficial epidermis and undying connective tissue (dermis)

what’s below dermis

subcutaneous layer or hypodermic (adipose tissue not part of skin)

avascular epidermis

a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

keratinocytes

manly product keratin ( a fibrous protein that give epidermis its durability and protective capability)

what connect keratinocytes tightly together

desmosomes

melanoctyes

spidery black cell that produce black pigment called melanin which increase when skin is exposed to UV light

purpose of melanin

provides protective pigment over nuclei of the cells from damage of UV radiation

Dendritic cell (langerhans cell)

arise from bone marrow and migrate to epidermis

ingest foreign substances and plays a role in activating immune response

tactile epithelial cells

spiky hemisphere that form sensitive touch receptor located at the epidermal -dermal junction

layers of epidermis

1. stratum corneum

2. stratum lucidum

3. stratum granulosum

4. stratum spinosum

5. stratum basle

stratum corneum

the outermost layer consist of dead keratinocytes and constantly being replaced by division of deeper cell

stratum lucidum (clear layer)

presented only in thick skin

stratum granulosum

thin layer that ocntain lamellar granules which contain water proof glycolipid and keratohyaline which form keratin

stratum spinosum

several layers of cell that contain thick bundle of intermediate filament

stratum basale

single row of cell above dermis constant undergoing mitosis to form new cell