APUSH Periods 1-2 Terms

Quiz Date 9/5/24; Test Date 9/9/24

Three sister farming

Beans grow on trellis of cornstalk and squash covering plant mound to retain soil moisture

Maize Cultivation

Agricultural practice of growing large masses of corn leading to huge New World populations; helped nomads settle down into agricultural villages.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492

Conquistadores

16th century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires

Encomienda System

Spanish government's policy to "commend", or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them; this was part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland

Mestizos

people of mixed Indian and European heritage

Caste System

Class structure determined by birth that hugely dictated people's attitudes towards one another (ex: Spanish treatment towards "lowly slave" Natives)

Pope's Rebellion (1680)

Pueblo Indian rebellion that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico

Capitalism

economic system based on private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets; it was brought about in Europe mostly due to the discovery of vast bullion deposits and colonization of the Americas

Protestant Reformation

the movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther in the 16th century; many reformers questioned the authority of the Pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which wasn't a common language at the time

Primogeniture

a legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land; this led to many younger sons seeking their fortunes elsewhere, mostly in matter of exploration and the settlement of the Americas

Joint-stock company

a short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England's early colonial ventures

Charter

Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose and spell out the attending rights and obligations

Virginia Charter/Charter of Virginia

This British colonial charter, specifically, guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify colonists' ties to Britain during early years of settlement

Jamestown

the first permanent English settlement in North America, founded by the Virginia Company

House of Burgesses

representative parliamentary assembly created to govern Virginia, establishing a precedent for government in the English colonies

Act of Toleration

passed in Maryland against Protestant conflict, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ; it ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period

Barbados Slave Code

the first formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, denying them most fundamental rights and gave masters full power over them: these included harsh punishments against offending slaves over the smallest things, but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. Similar statutes were adopted by Southern plantation societies in the 17th and 18th centuries

Iroquois Confederacy

"Five Nations" who were distinct tribes (Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas) that maintained a permanent peace and military alliance with one another in the late 1500s in the Mohawk Valley of what is now NY

Antinomianism

the belief that the elect need not obey the law of either God or man; most notably espoused in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson

Halfway covenant

an agreement formed in 1662 that allowed unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children; it signified a waning of religious zeal among second and third generation Puritans

Quakers

a religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled heavily in Pennsylvania in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

Holy Experiment

Attempted by the Quakers (Religious Society of Friends) led by William Penn to establish a community for themselves and other religious minorities in Pennsylvania.

Puritans

English protestant reformers seeking to purify the Church of England of Catholic traditions. The most extreme believed only "visible saints" should be admitted for Church membership.

Separatists

Extremist Puritans wanting to break clean from the Church of England, after initially settling in Holland, many made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts to form the Plymouth Colony.

King Philip's War

Series of assaults by Metacom, or King Philip, on English settlements in New England; these slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades (1675-1676)

Mayflower Compact

an agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower; it created a foundation for self-government in the colony (1620)

Bacon's Rebellion

the uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite (1676)

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)

drafted by settlers in the Connecticut River Valley, this document was the first "modern constitution" that established a democratically controlled government; key features of the document were borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and later, its state constitution

New England Confederation

a weak union of the colonies in Massachusetts and Connecticut led by Puritans for the purposes of defense and organization; it was an early attempt at self-government during the benign neglect of the English Civil War (1643)

Mercantilism

the economic theory that closely linked a nation's political and military power to its bullion reserves; mercantilists generally favored protectionism and colonial acquisition as means to increase exports

Navigation Acts

a series of laws passed, beginning in 1651, to regulate colonial shipping; the acts provided that only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports, and that all goods destined for the colonies would first pass through England

Dominion of New England

the administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New England, New York, and East and West Jersey; placed under the rule of Sir Edmund Andros, who curbed popular assemblies, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced Navigation Laws, its collapse after the Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control

Indentured Servants

migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years; their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement

Headright System

employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system granted an individual fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony

Triangular Trade

the exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American Colonies, Africa, and the West Indies; it was a small, but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade

Molasses Act

a tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies; it proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling (1737)

Middle Passage

the transatlantic voyage that slaves endured between Africa and the colonies; mortality rates were notoriously high

First Great Awakening

the religious revival that swept the colonies; participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality (1730s-1740s)

Subsistence Farming

Self-sufficiency farming where farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and families rather than to make a profit.

Huguenots

French Protestant dissenters, the Huguenots were granted limited toleration under the Edict of Nantes; after King Louis XIV outlawed Protestantism in 1685, many Huguenots fled elsewhere, including to British North America

Pequot War

series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River valley; ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian allies (1636-1638)

Theocracy

System of government run by religious leaders: laws are the same as laws of religion of the governed body/land.

Paxton Boys

the armed march on Philadelphia by Scots-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans (1764)

Regulator Movement

eventually a violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite (1768-1771)