Motivation, Emotion, and Personality

Intrinsic motivation

Motivation from internal factors

Extrinsic motivation

Motivation from external factors

6 main emotions

happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, surprise

3 main motivators

sex, hunger, need to belong

Self-actualization

The process by which people achieve their full potential

Optimal arousal theory

Organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an ideal (optimal) state

Evolutionary perspective theory

We are motivated by natural instincts

James-Lange Theory

Emotional reactions RESULT in physical reactions

Cannon-Bard Theory

Emotional reactions and corresponding physical reactions happen simultaneously

Humanistic theory of motavation

We are motivated by our need to belong

Drive reduction theory of motivation

Organisms are motivated to reduce a state of arousal caused by a physiological need (drive)

Arousal

A heightened state

Focus of psychoanalytic perspective of personality

Childhood experiences and the unconscious mind

Psychoanalytic perspective theorists

Sigmund Freud and Alfred Alder

Sigmund Freud's focus on personality

Childhood events, the unconscious, and instincts

Alfred Alder's focus on personality

The need for superiority, which stems from feelings of inferiority

Personality

Individual differences in patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Freud's three parts of personality

id, ego, superego

Id

The instinctive part of personality that focuses on instant gratification and pleasure

Ego

The "self" or "reality" part of personality; the decision-maker and peace-keeper

Superego

The moral part of personality

Defense mechanism

A mental deception used to avoid conscious conflict or anxiety

Why Freud said people resort to defense mechanisms

The Ego's job is difficult balancing the Id and the Superego

The 5 defense mechanisms

Repression
Denial
Projection
Regression
Displacement

Repression (defense mechanism)

A person forgets experience (pushes it into the unconscious)

Denial (defense mechanism)

A person refuses to believe painful realities

Projection (defense mechanism)

A person "projects" their own thoughts and feelings onto someone else

Regression (defense mechanism)

A person goes back to an earlier or less mature state or behavior

Displacement (defense mechanism)

A person redirects or "places" their feelings onto a person or object.

What did Alfred Alder say impacts personality?

Birth order

5 main traits of personality

Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

Openness to experience

Being open-minded and like to try new things

Conscientiousness

Being responsible, dependable, self-disciplined, and organized

Extraversion

Being sociable, assertive, and lively

Agreeableness

Being is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting

Neuroticism

Being anxious, irritable, temperamental, and moody

Hans Eysenck

Suggested there are three dimensions of personality: psychoticism, extraversion-introversion, neuroticism-emotional stability

PEN model

Psychoticism, Extraversion-introversion, Neuroticism-emotional stability

Extroversion

A personality trait shared by people who are friendly, assertive, and outgoing with others

Introversion

A personality trait shared by quiet and reserved individuals

High in extroversion

Sociable, outgoing, easily connect with others (extrovert)

Extrovert

An outgoing person

Introvert

A person whose thoughts and interests are directed inward

High in introversion

Need to be alone, like to do things by themselves, limit their interactions with others (Introvert)

High in neuroticism

Anxious, insecure

High in stability

Laid-back, emotionally stable

High in psychoticism

Independent, mean, outsider, impulsive

Motivation

What drives people to do the things they do