Chapter 6: Psychosocial Development During First Three Years

What is postpartum depression?

Period of severe depression after childbirth that may begin a few weeks to 6 months after parturition

When is postpartum "depression" normal?

- Baby blues experienced

- Mood swings, anxiety, irritability, crying, etc.

- Relatively normal due to hormone changes

- Few days to weeks after baby is born

When is the postpartum depression not normal?

- Full on depression symptoms

- More severe, longer lasting than baby blues

- Symptoms that interfere significantly with normal life and care for baby

- Severe mood swings, loss of appetite, excessive crying, withdrawal, etc.

What can increase risk of postpartum depression?

o History of depression, bipolar disorder, etc.

o Difficulty breast feeding

o Unplanned pregnancies

o Pregnancy complications

o Having a baby with health problems/special needs

o Having a weak support system

Why does postpartum depression happen?

- Hormones (estrogen, progesterone, thyroid hormones)

- Stress (financial, self-esteem, lack of sleep)

Does postpartum depression affect men?

Yes; new fathers also have an increased risk of developing symptoms of depression likely due to stress and physical changes

What is the effect of Postpartum Depression on children?

- ADHD, delays in development, problems sleeping and eating

What is the effect of Postpartum Depression on family and friends?

further increases father's risk of depression

PD treatments

- Antidepressants

- Psychotherapy- thinking back

- Progesterone injections

Name of the woman who drowned her five children in a bathtub in state of postpartum psychosis

Andrea Yates

Number of women who experience postpartum depression

1 in 7 women experience postpartum depression

Personality

- the relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes a person unique.

From infancy on, personality development is...

is intertwined with social relationships—a combination called psychosocial development.

Emotions

subjective responses to experiences that are associated to physiological and behavioral changes

- sadness, joy, fear

People differ in

- How often and how strongly they feel a particular emotion

- Kinds of events that produce it

- Physical manifestations they show

- How they act as result

_____ also influences the display of emotion.

Culture

_____ is the earliest and most powerful way infants can communicate their needs. (plainly show when they are unhappy)

Crying

What are the kinds of cries?

Basic hunger cry, angry cry, pain cry, frustration cry

By 5 months, babies have learned to monitor their caregivers' expressions and if ignored,

to cry harder (manipulation)

_______ smiles occur spontaneously soon after birth.

Involuntary (reflex)

Social Smiling

beginning 2nd month! newborn infants gaze at their parents and smile at them, signaling positive participation in relationship

_______ is a smile-linked vocalization.

Laughter

By _____________ months, infants intentionally communicate to others about objects by smiling.

12-15

Anticipatory smiling

infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while still smiling

Self-conscious emotions arise only

after children have developed self-awareness

Self-conscious emotions (HINT HINT)

emotions, such as embarrassment, empathy, and envy that depend on self-awareness

Self-awareness

realization that one's existence and functioning is separate from those of other people and things

By around 3, children are better able to

evaluate themselves against what is socially appropriate and can demonstrate the self-evaluative emotions

What are the self-evaluative emotions? (hint hint)

pride, guilt, and shame

Altruistic Behavior

activity intended to help another person with no expectation of reward (comes naturally to infants)

Such altruistic behavior may collectively reflect

empathy, or the ability to put oneself in another person's place and feel what the other person feels

Temperament

characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations

Temperament is linked

closely to emotion responses to environment, and many responses are emotional in nature

Individual differences in temperament form...

the core of the developing personality

What are the three categories from the NY Longitudinal Studies (studied 133 infants into adulthood)?

Easy children, difficult children, slow-to-warm-up children

Easy children

children (about 40%)- with generally happy temperament, regular biological rhythms, and readiness to accept new experiences

Difficult Children

Children (about 10%) with irritable temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and intense emotional responses

Slow-to-warm-up Children

Children about 15%- whose temperament is generally mild but who are hesitant about accepting new experiences

Some children do not

fit neatly into any one category

Summarize Harlow's monkey experiment

Two kinds of surrogate mother presented as Harlow and colleagues studied rhesus monkeys separated from their mothers shortly after birth.

- Wire mother vs. cloth mother- monkey spent 18+ hours on cloth and less than 1 on wire

- It's not just the milk. The mother also provides warmth and security- close bodily contact

Human infants need a mother who

responds warmly and promptly

Father's role

A father's frequent and positive involvement with his child, from infancy on, is directly related to child's well-being and physical, cognitive, and social development- involvement in caregiving in US has greatly increased (different in different cultures)

Gender

significance of being male or female

When it comes to gender, there is some evidence for differences in social behavior, but

the differences are relatively small

Behavioral differences more robust and consistently identified with regards to gender

Preference for toys, play activities, sex of playmates

Generally, parents use _________ with their boys and girls.

Broadly similar parenting styles

(children also watch parents behavior carefully)

Parents in the US

do tend to stereotype baby boys and girls

Gender-typing

socialization process by which children at an early age, learn appropriate gender roles- boys blue and cars, girls barbie

(fathers especially promote it)

What is the first stage in Erikson's theory?

Basic sense of trust vs. mistrust (until 18 months old)

If successful in the first Eriksen stage, babies develop

a sense of reliability of people and objects; balance between basic trust and mistrust

Attachment

a reciprocal and enduring tie between two people- especially between infant and caregiver- each of whom contributes to quality of relationship

Strange Situation

a classic laboratory-based technique used to study infant attachment

Who developed attachment theory?

Bowlby

Secured attachment

infant is quickly and effectively able to obtain comfort from an attachment figure in the face of distress

avoidant attachment

infant rarely cries when separated from the primary caregiver and avoids contact on his or her return

ambivalent attachment

infants becomes anxious before the caregiver leaves, upset during his or her absence and both seeks and resists contact on his or her return

disorganized-disoriented attachment

a type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return (least secured)

Separation anxiety

distress shown by someone typically an infant when familiar caregiver leaves

Stranger anxiety

wariness of strange people and places shown by some infants during the second half of the 1st year

What does it mean to say that attachment is relational?

child temperament and parenting interact

Attachment quality has

long-term implications

Securely attached children have

- larger vocabularies, show less stress in adapting to child care, and have more positive interactions with peers

- Also have higher levels of curiosity and self-confidence

Secure attachment in infancy influences

quality of attachment to romantic partner in young adulthood

Cycle of insecure attachment can be broken with

intervention

2nd Stage of Eriksen's Psychosocial Theory

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (18 months to 3 years)- emerging virtue is will

Eriksen's second stage often

shows itself as negativism "NO!"

The terrible twos...

are not universal

Socialization

- development of habits, skills, values, motives- shared by valuable productive members of society

Self-Regulation

child independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations

Conscience

internal standards of behavior, which produce emotional discomfort when violated

Internalization

during socialization, process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as own

Situational Compliance

obedience in response to a parent's orders only in presence of ongoing parental control

Committed Compliance

wholehearted obedience without reminders or lapses- children obey no matter what

Receptive Cooperation

Kochanska's term for eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene, and play

Sibling relationships begin with birth of new baby and continue to

develop positively and negatively

Although _______ is frequent, sibling rivalry is not the main pattern of behavior, as ______, _______, _________, _______are also prevalent

conflict

Affection, interest, companionship, influence

Effects of maternal employment reported

Longitudinal data on 900 European American children showed negative effects on cognitive development at 15 months to 3 years when mothers worked 30 or more hours a week by the child's 9th month

What are factors that lessen the negative effects of maternal employment?

maternal sensitivity, a high-quality home environment, and high quality childcare

Children in disadvantaged families showed

fewer negative cognitive effects than children in more advanced families

(type of substitute care received is an important factor)

About 61% of children under age 5....

have some sort of regular childcare arrangement

shy children and insecurely attached children

experience greater stress

_______ are more vulnerable to stress

boys

Physical Abuse

action taken deliberately to endanger another person, involving potential bodily injury

Neglect

failure to meet a dependent's basic needs

Sexual Abuse

physically or psychologically harmful sexual activity or any sexual activity involving a child and an older person

Emotional Maltreatment

rejection, terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation, ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support, love, and affection

Review ex. Ostracism

Highest rates of victimization and of death from maltreatment are seen in children aged

3 and younger

Babies who do not receive nurturance and affection or who are neglected sometimes suffer from

nonorganic failure to thrive- slow or arrested physical growth accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning

______ is the single greatest risk factor.

Poverty

Shaken Baby Syndrome

form of maltreatment in which shaking an infant or toddler can cause brain damage, paralysis, or death

HINT HINT: Difference between personality, emotions, temperament

- Personality: the relatively consistent blend of emotions, temperament, thought, and behavior that makes a person unique.

- Emotions: subjective responses to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes.

-Characteristic disposition or style of approaching and reacting to situations

HH: First reason baby will cry

baby is hungry

HH: Social smiling starts at

2nd month, before that is reflexes

HH: The self-evaluative emotions are...

The self-conscious emotions are...

- SE: pride, guilt, shame (3 years)

- SC: embarrassment, empathy, envy (three E's)

HH: Remember Harlow's experiment

wire monkey vs. cloth monkey that mothers provide comfort and security, cuddle

HH: Eriksen's first stage

basic trust vs. mistrust (0-18 months)

HH: Eriksen's second stage

autonomy vs. shame and doubt (18 months to 3 years)

HH: Who created the attachment theory?

Bowlby

HH: Separation and Stranger Anxiety

- Separation anxiety: distress shown by someone typically an infant when familiar caregiver leaves

- Stranger anxiety: wariness of strange people and places shown by some infants during the second half of the 1st year

HH: Maternal employment seems to

influence cognitive development negatively