Chapter 11-Personality

What is Freud's technique of free association?

Patients spontaneously report mental images, thoughts, and feelings as they come to mind.

What are the three parts of Freud's structure of personality?

Id, superego, and ego.

What does the Id represent according to Freud?

The animalistic part of the mind that generates our most primal, biologically based impulses such as sex and aggression.

What principle governs the Id?

The pleasure principle.

What is the role of the superego?

It opposes the Id by enforcing rules, restrictions, and morality.

What does the ego do?

It serves as a realistic mediator between the id and the superego.

What principle governs the ego?

The reality principle.

What are the basic goals of the id according to Freud?

To seek pleasure, avoid pain, and reduce tension.

What is repression in terms of ego defense mechanisms?

Involuntary blocking of an unsettling feeling or memory from conscious thought.

What is denial in psychological terms?

Blocking external events from consciousness because they are too threatening.

What complex produces castration anxiety in little boys?

The Oedipus complex.

What feeling does Freud associate with girls during the Oedipus complex?

Penis envy.

What limitation did Freud face in his study of personality?

His theory was primarily based on case studies of a small number of middle and upper-class patients.

What do neo-Freudians believe about unconscious mental processes?

They influence behavior but do not reject Freud's notions.

How did Carl Jung's view differ from Freud's regarding personality development?

Jung believed personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan.

What personality types did Carl Jung identify?

Introverts and extraverts.

What did Karen Horney emphasize in personality development?

The importance of human relationships.

What term did Karen Horney use to describe male envy of a woman's ability to bear children?

Womb envy.

What significant contribution did humanistic theories make to the study of personality?

They promoted the scientific study of creativity and the healthy personality.

What do social cognitive theorists believe about behavior?

People are largely responsible for directing and controlling their own behavior.

What are surface traits?

Traits that are easy to infer from observable behaviors.

What is the most widely accepted trait theory today?

The five-factor model of personality.

What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

The most widely used self-report inventory.

What does The Rorschach Inkblot Test assess?

What a patient sees in the images made by inkblots on cards.