Criminal Justice Test study

is a condition characterized by the existence of features thought to be common in earlier stages of human evolution.

Atavism

According to somatotypes, __________ have the greatest likelihood of becoming criminal offenders.

mesomorphs

__________ refers to the relatively stable pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique.

Personality

The central defining characteristic of a psychopath is __________.

lack of empathy

A __________ is a set of interrelated propositions that describe, explain, predict, and control some class of events.

theory

…. is an eighteenth-century approach to criminal responsibility that emphasizes free will.

The classical school

Distinct portions of a cell's DNA that carry coded information are known as __________.

genes

…. focuses on the strength of the bond people share with individuals and institutions around them. (his theory posits that stronger bonds lead to less deviant behavior.)

Social control theory

…. emphasize the role of learning in crime causation.

Social process theories

Based on the writings of Sigmund Freud, this theory sees personality as a complex composite of interacting mental entities.

psychoanalysis

All deviant behavior is a violation of criminal law.

false; all criminal behavior is deviant but not all deviance is criminal

Adolescent-limited offenders continue to re-offend through life.

false; typically stop offending as adults

Increased levels of testosterone may be linked to increased aggression in men.

true

Endomorphs are most likely to engage in delinquent or criminal behavior.

false; research suggests that mesomorphs are more likely to engage in such behavior.

Labeling theory specifically attempts to explain the origin of crime and deviance.

false; it focuses on the societal reaction to deviance and how labels can influence an individual's self-identity and behavior.

Modern racial criminologists focus on reducing social inequity and increasing fairness in the criminal justice system.

true

The abnormal chromosomal structure associated with the concept of a supermale is __________.

XYY

A violation of social norms defining appropriate or proper behavior under a particular set of circumstances is known as ..

deviance.

…. is considered to be a scholar of the classical school.

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